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Chemical Reactions Part 1 SCIENCE 10 Learning Topics Classification of Matter Chemical and Physical Properties WHMIS and Materials Safety Data Sheets Models of the Atom The Periodic Table Atoms Ions 1 Classification of Matter What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the science concerned with ___________________, that deals with: o __________________________________________________ o __________________________________________________ _____________________, as well as observing________________________________, also develop models to explain their observations. They use their knowledge ________________________________________ and to ___________________new kinds of matter that have practical uses. Understanding Matter Every culture has unique ways of understanding the world. First nations and Metis people use the _________________________ to help them understand. The medicine wheel is organized into a pattern of 4: o __________________ o __________________ o __________________ Many ancient cultures also had ways of explaining matter: o Greek philosophers believed that matter was made up Of four “elements”: __________ __________ __________ __________ A scientific model about the structure of matter did not take shape until the early 1800s. It was determined that the smallest bit of _____________ was an __________. 2 Forms of Matter ____________ is defined as anything that has ______________ and takes up ____________. o __________ is a measure of the amount of ______________in an object (Kg or g) o __________ is a measure of how much __________ an object occupies (L, mL, or cm3) Scientists believe that matter exists in 4 ___________: o __________ - hold their shape o __________ - take the shape of their container o __________ - can fill a container of any size o __________ - similar to gases, but very rare Classifying Matter All matter is made up of different kinds of _________________. These particles give all types of matter unique characteristics, or _______________. A ________________ is a characteristic that describes a substance. We use ________________ to help classify ______________. Pure Substances A _____________________ is made up of only ______ kind of particle. It has unique properties, such as, ___________, _______________, ________________. o _____________ are pure substances that cannot be broken down ____________ ____________ o ______________ are pure substances made from combining one or more elements ________________________________ ________________________________ 3 Mixtures _____________ are combinations of pure substances There are 3 types of mixtures: o ______________________ - The different substances that makes up the mixture are visible. This is called ______________________. o ______________________ - the particles of one substance are held within the other to create a cloudy mixture. These particles can be separated using a filter so it is called _______________________. o ______________________ - Looks like one substance. This is called ________________________. Summary Create a flow chart that includes the following terms: Matter Compound Pure substances Elements Mixtures Solutions Suspensions Heterogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures Mechanical mixtures 4 Physical and Chemical Properties Physical Properties of Water All life on Earth depends on water Among all First Nations and Metis people water is __________ and treated with great respect About ____ of our ___________ are made of water Some ____________ are _____ water One property of water is that it ________ to itself. This property is called ______________. Water also stick to other ______________, a property scientists call ______________. o Water sticks to itself forming droplets (cohesion), and to the spider web (adhesion) A _____________ ___________ is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured _____________________________. Physical properties are things like: o o o o o o __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ o o o o o __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ 5 Chemical Properties A _______________ _____________ is a characteristic of a substance that describes how it __________ when it __________ into a new substance or substances. A ______________ ______________ always results in the formation of a ______ ______________ or substances with ______________ properties A ______________ ______________ is a process in which a chemical change occurs. For example: chemical changes made this banana ripe –and then rotten Examples of Chemical Properties include: o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ Remember: A chemical change ALWAYS forms something NEW!! 6 Matter & Physical and Chemical Properties Questions Read section 5.1 in your textbook (pages 170-174) and answer the following questions. Answer all question on loose-leaf. 1. Create a flow diagram for the Classification of matter. 2. Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. Explain your choices. a. Soapy water b. Hydrogen gas c. Sodium chloride 3. Classify each of the following as an element or a compound. Explain your choices. a. Hydrogen b. Potassium carbonate c. Water d. Mg 4. Draw sketches to represent 10 particles of the following: a. An element b. A compound c. A mixture 5. Classify each of the following as a physical property or a chemical property. Explain your choices. a. Gasoline is a clear pink solution b. Gasoline burns in air c. Water boils at 100°C d. Electric current can split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases 6. When aluminum metal is added to hydrobromic acid, hydrogen gas and an aluminum bromide solution are formed. a. What kind of change has occurred? Explain. b. Which substances are the reactants and which are the products? 7. What are the 5 clues that a chemical change has occurred (see figure 4) 7 WHMIS and Material Safety Data Sheets WHMIS stands for Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System The goal of this program is to reduce illness and injury from workplace contact with hazardous materials. This program applies to ALL workplaces and is the result of work done by the government, industry and labor and has been law in Canada since 1988. The purpose of WHMIS is threefold: 1. To provide information on hazardous substances. 2. To identify potential hazards in the workplace. 3. To create national consistency in working with or transporting hazardous materials. WHMIS divided hazardous substances into 6 classes, which are lettered A through F. Divisions are provided in some classes to separate different groups of hazardous materials within a class. Symbols are used for these different types of hazardous materials as follows: COMPLETE THE WHMIS AND MATERIALS SAFETY DATA SHEET BOOKLET 8 Development of the Atomic Model We know that Science is subject to change over time. The model of the atom is a component of Science that helps us to understand the world in which we live. However, we did not always have the knowledge that forms our current understanding of the Atom. This knowledge was formed over hundreds of years. 200 B.C. The Greek Model The Greeks believed that everything that existed was made up of _____________________ o o o o ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ 1807 – John Dalton • Each atom was a hard, __________________________________ • Each element has a _____________________________________ • ___________________________________________________________________________ Dalton’s Model: 1903 – J.J. Thomson Each sphere was made of ____________________ and ___________________ charges These charges were ________________________________________________ Thomson’s Model: 9 1911 – Ernest Rutherford • • • The atom was a mostly _______________________________ Most of the mass was in the _______________ or the ________________ Electrons were found ___________________ the nucleus Rutherford’s Model: 1913 – Niels Bohr • The electrons were found in certain areas or ______________________ Bohr’s Model: Atomic Model Writing Assignment: Part 1 (5 marks): Create a timeline that shows the 4 Models of the atom. You must include: Name of Scientists Date of their work A diagram of the Model Part 2 (10 marks): Two well written paragraphs Paragraph 1 - Discuss the progression of the model beginning at the Dalton model and ending with the Bohr Model. (5-10 sentences). Focus on how the shortcomings of one model led to the next model. Paragraph 2 – Discuss what model was the successor to the Bohr model and why the Bohr model ultimately failed (5-10 sentences) Total /15 10 The Periodic Table Patterns among the Elements By the 1700s Chemists had gathered a lot of information about elements, however they still had many _____________________: o Why some elements gases and others are metals? o How many elements are there? o What relationships can be found between elements? In 1867, Russian Chemist ________________________________ proposed organizing information about the elements into a _________________. He gathered all of the information he could about the known elements and wrote it down on cards. One ______________________ per card. He gathered information such as: ________________, _________________, ______________ _______________, and ______________________. He then sorted the cards into ____________ and _________________ based on similarities in the elements ________________________. Mendeleev’s patterns were so accurate that he was able to leave ______________where he believed ___________________________ elements would fit. As time went on Scientists were able to fill in the gaps, proving Mendeleev’s predictions. Later, the periodic table was rearranged by ________________ __________________. It is now arranged according to __________________ __________________. 11 The Modern Periodic Table The periodic table of elements is a chart that places all of the elements in rows and columns. The elements are organized according to their ________________ ____________________. The rows are called ___________________ and the columns are called _________________ or ________________________. The elements found in each group or family share some _______________________ ______________________________. The Periodic Table is divided into ________________ and ____________________________. Complete the following chart: Property Metals Non-Metals Lustre Malleability Conductivity Reactivity with Acid State at room temperature We will also be learning about the specific properties of various groups of the Periodic Table: o Alkali Metals o Alkaline Earth Metals o Halogens o Nobel Gases COMPLETE THE PERIODIC TABLE INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY 12 Parts of the Atom Over the past 2000 years the model of the atom has changed considerably, becoming increasingly complex. One of the more recent models which we will study is relatively simple. It is made up of 5 parts… 1. Protons Carry a ___________________ charge Have a mass of ________ atomic mass unit (amu) Are located in the center of the atom, called the ___________________ Are equal to the atomic __________________ Are heavy but very _________________ 2. Neutrons Carry a ___________________ charge Have a mass of ________ atomic mass unit (amu) Are located in the ____________________ of the atom Are equal to the atomic ______________ - atomic _______________ 3. Electrons Carry a ____________________ charge Have a mass of ___________ a.m.u. Are located _________________ the atom in the ___________________ Are equal to the number of _________________ in the atom Are very light, but also very _________________ 4. Nucleus Is the center of the atom The __________________ and __________________ are found here 5. Orbitals The area outside of the atom The ___________________ are found here Also called rings and shells The first will hold ______ electrons The second will hold ______ electrons The third will also hold ______ electrons # of Protons = # of Electrons = Atomic Number # of Neutrons = Atomic Mass – Atomic Number 13 Calculating Protons, Neutrons & Electrons # Protons = atomic number # Neutrons = mass number – atomic number # Electrons = atomic number Element 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Atomic # # Protons B # Neutrons 6 # Electrons 11 Atomic Mass 23 31 39 39 29 89 35 43 98 207 Pb 103 70 89 Mo 227 54 81 100 204 157 No Zn 259 65 98 153 Pt 56 31 37 30 14 Drawing Atoms So far, we have learned that all atoms are made up of sub-atomic particles called protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons have a ________________ charge and are located in the _____________. The ________________ number tells us how many protons an atom has. Neutrons have a _________________ charge and are also located in the _________________. The atomic mass minus the number of protons tells us how many neutrons an atom has. Electrons have a ________________ charge and are located ________________ the nucleus. There will always be the ______________ number of electrons as there are protons in neutral atoms. Electrons are arranged around the nucleus on “highways” or orbital’s, and each “highway” or orbital can only hold a certain number of electrons. The first “highway” can hold _________ electrons, the second “highway” can hold __________ electrons and the third “highway” can hold __________ electrons. Electrons on the outermost “highway” are called valence electrons. These are the electrons that bond with other atoms to make larger molecules. Let’s take a look at how we would visually represent a specific atom: Example 1: Lithium Example 2: Boron Protons = Electrons = Neutrons = Protons = Electrons = Neutrons = 15 ATOM DRAWING ASSIGNMENT For each of the following elements, draw the corresponding atoms including the # of protons, neutrons and electrons listed at the side. 1. H P= E= N= 2. He 3. C 4. P 5. Mg 6. S 7. N 8. Al 9. Na 10. K 11. Si 12. O 13. Cl 14. Ne 15. Ar 16 Element Behavior and Ions All elements have a definite _______________ arrangement. This changes when the chemical undergoes a _______________ _______________. Elements tend to _______ or _______ electron so that they end up with the same number of _______________ electrons as the ___________________. They want to be “happy atoms” like the noble gases with ______ valence electrons on their outer shell. Noble (Inert) gases have a very ___________ structure. Ex. Beryllium o Be – Atomic Number = ____ o Be – Atomic Mass = ____ o # Protons = ____ o # Electrons = ____ o # Neutrons = ____ Beryllium will lose _____ electrons because it wants to have a _______ outer electron shell. If it has 2 electrons in the outer electron shell, it will look like _______________ and be more stable. The other option is for Beryllium to gain _____ electrons to fill the 2nd electrons shell (for a total of e electrons) to look like _____________, but that would require ____________________________________. Beryllium now has: o # P = _____ o # E = _____ o # N = _____ Because Beryllium has 4 protons (which is still the same as before) and now has 2 electrons, we can say that it has: o A charge of ____ - ____ = _____ because there are 2 more _____________ charges that negative ones. NOTE: An atom becomes charges ONLY if __________________ are removed or added. _________________ NEVER leave or join the nucleus!!!!! 17 If electrons leave or are added to an _____________, the atom becomes an __________. o If the charge on the element is _______________, the ion is called a ___________. o If the charge on the element is _______________, the ion is called an __________. o If there is ___________________ on the element, it is simply called an ___________. Thus, if we refer to an atom, we are talking about an element with an equal number of __________________ and ___________________. Charge Symbols: If an element has a charge, it is indicated on the element symbol by a number, either _________________ or __________________, on the upper right hand side of the element symbol. o Carbon has a charge of +4 _________ o Chlorine has a charge of -1 _________ o Argon has a charge of 0 _________ This zero is not necessary. Elements with a charge of zero are written only with their ______________. Practice Sheets!!!!! 18 Atoms and Ions Ion Symbol Number of Protons Number of Electrons Potassium+ Lithium+ Calcium2+ Barium2+ FluorineChlorineSulfur2Oxygen2Aluminum3+ Iron2+ Iron3+ Copper+ Copper2+ Magnesium 19 Atomic Charge 1. For the following elements, given the number of protons and electrons, determine the charge (using the appropriate element symbol such as Cl-) and list whether it is a cation, anion or atom. Element Sodium # of Protons 11 # of Electrons 10 Magnesium 12 10 Aluminum 13 10 Oxygen 8 10 Phosphorus 15 10 Krypton 36 36 Iodine 53 54 Iron 26 24 Charge Type of Ion 2. For the following combinations of protons and electrons, determine the element, charge symbol and ion type. # of Protons 22 # of Electrons 18 47 46 34 36 35 36 14 10 18 18 7 2 1 0 Element Charge Type of Ion 20 The Periodic Table – Atoms & Ions Atom or Ion Symbol Atomic Mass (whole # Protons # Neutrons # Electrons number) Gold Silver Silver ion Xenon Radon Californium Cobalt Cobalt ion Copper Tin Stannous Stannic Bromine Bromide Mercury Mercurous Lead Plumbous Scandium Helium Terbium 21 Putting It All Together Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What is chemistry? What is the difference between an element and a compound? What is the difference between a solution and a mechanical mixture? Identify the following material as an element (E), compound (C), mechanical mixture (MM) or solution (S). ________ Chili ________ Baking Soda ________ Iron ________ Chocolate chip cookie dough ________ Lemonade ________ Sodium chloride Define the following terms: Proton – Electron – Neutron – Element – Nucleus – Atomic Number – Atomic Mass – Valence Electron – Periodic Table – List 5 facts about it. Who developed the first periodic table? What are some differences between metals and non-metals? These are the names of the seven families on the periodic table (Be able to find them and describe a characteristic or two of each). a. Alkali Metals b. Alkaline Earth Metals c. Transition Metals d. Halogens e. Nobel Gases f. Lanthanides g. Actinides 22 9. The model of the atom has changed drastically since the beginning. Describe each person’s contribution to the model of the atom. Include diagrams: a. Dalton b. Thompson c. Rutherford d. Bohr 10.What are the 3 items about an element that you must know before you draw it? 11.What is the assignment for the electrons in the clouds around the nucleus? 12.Draw atoms or ion diagrams for the following elements: a. Fluorine c. Magnesium b. Calcium +2 d. Fluorine -1 13.Define the following terms: Ion, Cation, and Anion 14.What does it mean to have a neutral atom? Does it have a charge? How many protons, electrons and neutrons will an atom possess? 15.An ion has 83 protons, 127 neutrons and 80 electrons. What is the mass number of the ion? __________. What is the atomic number? _________. What is the net charge on the ion? _______. Is this a cation or an anion? __________. 16.Which atom will produce an ion with 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 18 electrons? ___________________. 17.The charge on an ion is -3 and it has 36 electrons. What is the element? _____________. 18.The charge on the ion is +2 and it has 54 electrons. What is the element? ____________. 23 19.Complete the following chart: Element # Of Protons Phosphorus 28 # Of Electrons 10 Charge 26 Mercury +1 Bromine -1 56 Arsenic Cobalt Type of Ion 54 36 27 +2 54 0 Sulfur -2 6 -1 Anion 24