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http://www.cs.umbc.edu/courses/undergraduate/201/fall06/projects/p1/fox-rabbit.jpg http://www.univie.ac.at/zoologie/ecophys/crabsp-300dpi.jpg Ecological Relationships How do biotic factors influence each other? Ecological Relationships Biodiversity = the number of species in an ecosystem Territory = space claimed by an individual organism Ecological Equilibrium = state of “balance” in an ecosystem http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/about/environment/faqs/biodiversity.jpg Ecological Relationships • NICHE - Role of organism in the ecosystem (job) • NICHE DIVERSITY – Number of niches in an ecosystem; often determined by abiotic factors Abiotic = non-living A niche is the sum of all activities and relationships a species has while obtaining and using resources needed to survive and reproduce Competition: • When species or individuals “fight” for the same resources. The “fight” may be indirect … individuals may never directly contact each other. – E.g., Food, shelter…. • KEYSTONE PREDATOR/SPECIES - A predator that causes a large increase in diversity of its habitat. http://www.butler.edu/herbarium/prairie/prairie42004.jpg Two species with Losing a keystone similar needs for species usually same limited disrupts many resources cannot ecological coexist. relationships. Herbivory: http://images.inmagine.com/168nwm/creata s/cr15169/cr15169065.jpg http://www.smilinglizard.com/1a291aa0.jpg • A primary consumer feeds on a producer. A fruit bat eating a papaya A woodchuck eating wild clover http://www.citypaper.net/blogs/clog/wpcontent/uploads/2007/06/close-up-bald-eagle-eating.jpg • A consumer feeds on another consumer. A lion eating zebra. An eagle eating halibut. http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2006/3/IMAGES/lion_zebra.jpg Predation: • A long-term relationship where two species live closely together and at least one benefits directly from the relationship. http://www.floridastateparks.org/maclaygardens/images/wallpaper/1024-PL-MAC-Symbiosis-MarkFerrulo.jpg Symbiosis: Mutualism: • Both organisms benefit from the relationship. • Win-Win situation! http://tumi-educational-resources.org/Educational%20%20Videos.htm • Plants must attract the pollinator (insects, birds, bats, small mammals) – for example, the flower may have a scent that the pollinator likes. http://www.nearctica.com/ecology/pops/mutual.htm Pollination (Mutualism) •Plant gets pollen transported and the pollinator gets nectar (a sugar rich solution) as a food source. Mutualism • Racoon and Poison Ivy – The raccoon eats the berries of the poison ivy and disperses the seeds as it poops. – Both benefit. Commensalism • One organism benefits, the other one is unaffected. • Win-Neutral relationship Commensalism • Eastern Chipmunk and Soil mite – The chipmunk is a mammal that burrows. – The soil mite feeds off of leaf litter but cannot burrow itself. – The mite uses the chipmunk’s tunnels to travel from place to place. Copyright, Ray Norton Commensalism • Pear-shaped puffball gets opened (and spores dispersed) by Opossum • Puffball benefits, opossum is not affected. Copyright, Leon Shernoff Parasitism • One organism benefits, the other one is harmed! • Win-Lose relationship • Parasites rarely kill their hosts…it would require them to get another one! Parasitism • Dogwood tree is parasitized by honeysuckle. Michael Clayton, Wisconsin State Herbarium Department of Botany, Iowa St. University Parasitism •Bullfrog acts as a host of the big red worm parasite. Ohio State University