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Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition MATES Chapter 4 SPRAGUE ENV MATES Key Concepts Basic ecological principles Major components of ecosystems Matter cycles and energy flow Ecosystem studies Ecological services SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Nature of Ecology Ecosystem organization Organisms; any form of life Populations Same species living in the same area Communities Population of all species in an area Ecosystems Interaction of all abiotic and biotic in an area 4-2 p. 66 Biosphere zone where lifeFig. is found SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Earth’s Life-Support Systems Troposphere Inner layer of Atmosphere 11 mile s most of the air Stratosphere 11-30 miles Ozone Hydrosphere Water surface ground Lithosphere Crust upper mantle Biosphere Living environment SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-6 p. 68 Sustaining Life of Earth One-way flow of energy Low quality energy lost as heat Cycling of matter Earth is fixed from space molecules, ions, atoms recycled Fig. 4-7 p. 69 SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Source of Energy Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-8 p. 69 Ecosystem Concepts and Components Biomes Classified by climate Role of climate Aquatic life zones Freshwater Saltwater SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-9 p. 70 Ecosystem Boundaries: Ecotones Edge effect One Ecosystem merges with another SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-10 p. 71 Principles of Ecological Factors Abiotic factors Biotic factors Law of tolerance Range of tolerance of species High tolerance to some low to others Limiting factors Ex. Water SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-14 p. 73; Refer to Fig. 4-13 p. 73 The Biotic Components of Ecosystems Producers (autotrophs) Photosynthesis Consumers (heterotrophs) Aerobic respiration Decomposers SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-16 p. 75 Trophic Levels Primary consumer (herbivore) Secondary consumer (carnivore) Tertiary consumer Omnivore Detritivores and scavengers Decomposers SPRAGUE ENV MATES Biodiversity Genetic diversity Variety of genetic material within a population Why is this important? Species diversity Number of species present in a habitat Ecological diversity Variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems Functional diversity The energy flow and matter cycling SPRAGUE ENV MATES Connections: Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems Food chains Food webs SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-18 p. 77; Refer to Fig. 4-19 p. 78 Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of energy flow Fig. 4-20 p. 79 Ecological efficiency Pyramid of biomass Pyramid of numbers SPRAGUE ENV MATES Primary Productivity of Ecosystems Gross primary productivity (GPP) Rate at which primary producers convert solar to biomass Net primary productivity (NPP) Stored energy minus the rate at which they use Fig. 4-25 p. 81 SPRAGUE ENV MATES Connections: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems Biogeochemical cycles Hydrologic cycle (H2O) Atmospheric cycles (C, N) Sedimentary cycles (P, S) SPRAGUE ENV MATES Hydrologic (Water) Cycle Fig. 4-27 p. 83 SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial) Photosynthesis/ cellular Respiration Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85 SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic) Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85 SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Nitrogen Cycle SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-29 p. 86 The Phosphorus Cycle Sulfate salts Oceans Fig. 4-30 p. 88 SPRAGUE ENV MATES The Sulfur Cycle -Stored in salts buried under ocean -Enters Atmosphere Hydrogen Sulfide “What Smells?” -Algae produce Dimethyl Sulfide “Nuclei for Clouds” -Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur Trioxide to Sulfuric Acid - Bacteria Anaerobic Sulfate to Sulfide and th cycle continues Fig. 4-31 p. 89 SPRAGUE ENV MATES How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems? Field research Remote sensing Geographic information systems (GIS) Laboratory research Systems analysis SPRAGUE ENV MATES GIS and Systems Analysis SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-32 p. 91 Fig. 4-33 p. 91 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability Fig. 4-34 p. 92 SPRAGUE ENV MATES