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Chapter 51 Behavior Ecology What is behavior? • Animal behavior is carried out in response to internal and external stimuli. • It can be solitary or social, fixed or variable. • What ever the behavior, it enables organisms either to search for food or to find a mate. • Animal behavior is everything an animal does and how it does it. • This is ethology! Examples of behavior • Most of what we call behavior is the visible result of an animal’s muscular activity. – Predator chases its prey – Fish raises its fins as part of a territorial display – Bird uses muscles to force air from its lungs and shape the sounds in its throat. Examples of behavior • Some non-muscular activities are also considered behaviors. – Animal secretes a chemical that attracts members of the opposite sex. – We can consider learning to be a behavior process. • A juvenile bird may learn to reproduce a song that it hears an adult of its species singing. • Even though this may involve muscles the young bird must learn the song. Proximate and ultimate causes • Behavior evolved because of substantial evolutionary pressures. • When we speak about behavior, we refer to either the proximate or the ultimate causes of behavior. Proximate causes • Are immediate, genetic, physiological, neurological, and developmental mechanisms that determine how an individual behaves. • Proximate questions about behavior focus on the environmental stimuli, if any, that trigger a behavior, as well as the genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavioral act. Ultimate causes • Result from the evolutionary pressures that have fashioned an animal’s behavior. • Ultimate questions address the evolutionary significance of a behavior – Why did natural selection favor this behavior and not a different one? For example, the Galapagos tortoise.