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BEHAVIORIAL BIOLOGY Behavior • • • • What is behavior? What an animal does and how it does it What is behavioral ecology? The genetic component of behavior that associates animals behavior with an increase in fitness. Proximate vs. Ultimate Cause • What is proximate causation? • The immediate cause and/or mechanism underlying a behavior. The “how” • What is ultimate causation? • The evolutionary reason for the existence of a behavior. The “why” • Human sweet tooth • proximate cause = ? Proximate vs. Ultimate Cause • What is proximate causation? • The immediate cause and/or mechanism underlying a behavior. • What is ultimate causation? • The evolutionary for the existence of a behavior. • Human sweet tooth • proximate cause = enjoyment of sweets makes us eat them. • Ultimate cause = ? Proximate vs. Ultimate Cause • What is proximate causation? • The immediate cause and/or mechanism underlying a behavior. • What is ultimate causation? • The evolutionary for the existence of a behavior. • Human sweet tooth • proximate cause = enjoyment of sweets makes us eat them. • Ultimate cause = high energy in sweets is beneficial to survival Ethology • • • • • How animals behave in nature Physiological mechanisms for behavior How does development lead to behavior Evolutionary history of the behavior How does behavior provide adaptive advantage? Innate behavior • FAP = fixed action patterns, highly stereotyped innate behavior • sign stimulus or releaser • once behavior begins, can’t be stopped Red bellies release aggressive behavior in male fish 2. Imprinting • What is imprinting? • Konrad Lorenz showed this with his geese. • Imprinting is limited to critical period and usually irreversible. • Young imprint to “know” parents and parents imprint to “know” young. • Song development in birds is an example of imprinting Directed Movements • Identify if the following pictures display taxis or kinesis…. Signals and Communication • Nocturnal animals use auditory and chemical signals • Diurnal animals use visual and auditory signals • What are pheromones? Genetic influences on Mating • Seen with prairie voles • Drosophila shows how diet influenced mate choice Preference of males with larger repertoires Learning • What is the difference between instinctive behavior and learned behavior? • Learned behavior shows modification of behavior based on a specific experience. • Different from maturation. 1. Habituation • What is habituation? • Loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little information • e.g. teacher threatens detentions yet never actually assigns one, you stop responding to the threat of detention. Spatial Learning What did Tinbergen learn about the ability of the wasp to find its nest? It is not the pinecones but the shape of the landmark that is important. What are the proximate and ultimate causes of this behavior? Proximate cause landmark arrangement. Ultimate cause - fitness is enhanced by the wasps’ ability to find the nest. 3. Associative learning • Animals learn to associate one stimulus with another. • Classical conditioning - ? 3. Associative learning • Animals learn to associate one stimulus with another. • Classical conditioning - Pavlov and dogs. Learn to associate arbitrary stimulus with reward or punishment. • Operant conditioning - ? 3. Associative learning • Animals learn to associate one stimulus with another. • Classical conditioning - Pavlov and dogs. Learn to associate arbitrary stimulus with reward or punishment. • Operant conditioning - trial and error learning. Used to train animals 4. Play • What is the ultimate cause of play? • Exercise • practice Animal cognition • Problem solving skills …. Natural Selection • Prey Selection… – Garter snake that is raised near banana slug recognizes it as prey – Other group not raised there did not eat the slugs Science as a process; cost/benefit analysis of foraging behavior Social behavior • What is social behavior? • Interaction between two or more animals • sociobiology studies the evolutionary causes of social behavior. Mating Behavior • Promiscuous • Monogamous • Polygamous – Polyandrous – single female with several males – Polygynous – single male with several females • Female selection for mates is most common… • Leads to… Female selection leads to 1. Agonistic behavior • What is agonistic behavior? • Contest that involve threatening and submissive behavior to gain access to a resource (food or mate) • What is the evolutionary importance of agonistic behavior? • The victor may win the right to mate have successful reproductive fitness. 2. Territoriality • What is a territory? • An area that an individual defends excluding other members of its species. • Territory can provide strongest with the best food source and space. 3. Dominance Hierarchy • What is a dominance hierarchy? • Agonistic behavior helps establish the strongest member as the alpha animal. • Territoriality, agonistic behavior and dominance hierarchy all help to stabilize the reproductive fitness of the group. Inclusive Fitness • What is altruism? • Reduce fitness of self to increase fitness of others • How does this work with evolution? • Leads to kin selection and coefficient of relatedness Where B(r) > c B is benefit R is coefficient of relatedness C is cost