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1/9/2017 Food to Energy Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 Food to Energy • BIG PIECES of food are digested into tiny nutrients • Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine Calorie • Calorie = Measure of energy present in food • Glucose is the basic fuel of the body • One calorie = amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1oC • Absorbed through villi into the blood stream, where it goes as “food” to ALL body cells Calorie • Calorie (with a capital C) is actually a kilocalorie (kcal) • 1 Calorie = 1000 calories • Food calories are kcal; they measure the heat energy in food. Questions 1. If you are eating 1,200 Calories a day, how many calories are you eating? 1 1/9/2017 What is cellular respiration? Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. The equation for cellular respiration is: Where is the energy generated? The cells of all organisms, except bacteria (prokaryotes), generate energy in mitochondria. 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy Oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + energy There are 2 types of cellular respiration: 1. Aerobic: needs O2; produces 36 ATP’s for each glucose molecule. 1. Anaerobic: does NOT need O2, produces 2 ATP’s for each glucose molecule. OVERALL EQUATION for Aerobic Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Sugar + Oxygen Carbon + Water + Energy Dioxide 2 1/9/2017 Overview Questions 1. Where does cellular respiration take place? 2. What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? 3. In aerobic respiration, what do you begin with? From where do these come? Aerobic Respiration has 3 stages. One occurs in the cytoplasm and two occur in the matrix of the Mitochrondria. 1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb’s Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain Step 1: Glycolysis • Occurs in the cytoplasm • Breaks one molecule of glucose in half • Produces 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) • Requires 2 ATP to get started. During the process, 4 ATP are made. Overall, you GAIN 2 ATP. Glycolysis Glycolysis Energy yield is small Happens fast Does not require oxygen Produces 2 ATP (overall), 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvic acid • Limited by NAD+ (If all of the NAD+ is NADH, • • • • glycolysis stops, ATP production stops) 3 1/9/2017 Questions 1. Where does glycolysis take place? 2. How much energy is yielded during glycolysis? 3. Glycolysis breaks glucose into TWO ________. Step 2: Kreb’s Cycle • If oxygen is present (aerobic), Kreb’s Cycle is next • Also known as Citric Acid Cycle • Occurs in the mitochondria January 9, 2017 Kreb’s Cycle • During the cycle: – Pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 – Electrons are transferred to energy carriers – Produces: CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP (x2 because 2 pyruvic acids) Questions 1. Where does Kreb’s cycle take place? 2. What do you begin the Kreb’s cycle with? 3. What are the products of the Kreb’s cycle? Step 3: Electron Transport Chain • High energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 go through electron transport chain. • Energy is used to transport H+ ions into the mitochondria space • H+ ions go through ATP synthase, so ADP is converted into ATP 4 1/9/2017 Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain • Produces: – Water is made (H+ and e- combine with oxygen). [Oxygen is the final electron acceptor—that’s why we need oxygen!] – 32 ATP Aerobic Respiration Totals • • • • Glycolysis = 2 ATP Kreb’s Cycle = 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain = 34 ATP (32-34) Total = 38 ATP (36-38) Questions 1. Write the equation for respiration. Label where each piece comes from. Video: ATP + Respiration - Crash Course Anaerobic Respiration • Occurs if oxygen is NOT present. • Glycolysis still occurs first • Followed by fermentation Two types of fermentation: a. Alcoholic Fermentation b. Lactic Acid Fermentation (Both free up NAD+, but both leave most of the energy in the final product) 5 1/9/2017 Alcoholic Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation • Yeast and other microorganisms go through this • Produces CO2, alcohol, and NAD+ • Used to make bread and alcoholic beverages Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation • Produces lactic acid and NAD+ • Lactic acid is produced by muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough O2 • Build up of lactic acid causes painful, burning sensation. Questions • What are the two types of fermentation? • When does fermentation occur? • Compare the energy produced from respiration with the energy produced from fermentation. The Race • 1st – Your body uses the stored ATP (only good for a few seconds of energy) • 2nd – Your body produces ATP through lactic acid fermentation (lasts up to 90 seconds) • 3rd –Your body must go through cellular respiration for anything longer than 90 seconds. Video: Bozeman Cellular Respiration 6 1/9/2017 Photosynthesis & Respiration Compared Questions • Compare the reactants, products, and equations of photosynthesis and respiration. Function Photosynthesis Respiration Energy storage Energy release Location Reactants Products Equation Photosynthesis & Respiration Compared Photosynthesis & Respiration Compared Photosynthesis Respiration Photosynthesis Respiration Function Energy storage Energy release Function Energy storage Energy release Location Chloroplasts Mitochondria Location Chloroplasts Mitochondria Reactants Reactants CO2 and H2O C6H12O6 and O2 Products Products Equation Equation Photosynthesis & Respiration Compared Photosynthesis & Respiration Compared Photosynthesis Respiration Photosynthesis Respiration Function Energy storage Energy release Function Energy storage Energy release Location Chloroplasts Mitochondria Location Chloroplasts Mitochondria Reactants CO2 and H2O C6H12O6 and O2 Reactants CO2 and H2O C6H12O6 and O2 Products C6H12O6 and O2 CO2 and H2O Products C6H12O6 and O2 CO2 and H2O Equation 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Equation 7