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Transcript
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Kendle Kossie & Mathis Owhadi 8.1 Functions and Control of the Endocrine System I. Anatomy on the Endocrine System A. Two types of glands 1. ___________________________________________ a) 2. ____________________________________________ a) II. Sweat, salivary, mammary, lacrimal, pancreas (hormones & enzymes) Hormones A. __________________________________ 1. B. C. lipid based __________________________________ 1. protein based Hormone receptors 1. __________________________ a) 2. increase ___________________________ a) III. Hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary , adrenal, thyroid, pineal, testes (males), ovaries (females) decreased Hormonal Secretion Control A. _____________________________________________ 1. B. Synthetic nerve fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla a) Hormones: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine b) __________________________________ _______________________________________________ 1. Stimulated by the hypothalamus to Anterior Pituitary & Posterior Pituitary a) 2. __________________________________ _______________________________________________ a) Based on blood levels (1) IV. _________________________________________ Hormones & Homeostasis A. __________________________________________ 1. B. Reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis Homeostasis of Hypothalamus 1. _______________________________________ 8.1 Vocab amino-acid hormones hormones composed of proteins, or protein-related substances downregulated decreased _______________________ the chief neurohormone of the adrenal medulla that is used as a heart stimulant, a vasoconstrictor (which narrows the blood vessels), and a bronchodilator (which relaxes the bronchial tubes in the lungs) ______________________________ hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver hormonal control type of endocrine control in which endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine organs, starting with the hypothalamus ___________________________________ chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands humoral control type of endocrine control in which levels of various substances in body fluids are monitored for homeostatic imbalance ___________________________________________________________________ hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary, where they stop certain hormones from being released; hypothalamic inhibiting hormones __________________________________________________________________ hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary, where they stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones insulin ____________________________________________________________ neural control type of endocrine control in which nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to release hormones _____________________________________ lipid hormones upregulated increased 8.2 - Major Endocrine Organs I. Major Organs of the Endocrine System II. ________________________________ A. Helps regulate 1. Metabolism 2. Heart Rate III. 3. Energy Levels 4. Body Temperature 5. Thirst Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary A. B. ______________ (PRO) 1. Growth of ___________________________ 2. _____________________________ in a nursing mother ________________________________ 1. C. ____________________________________________________________ 1. D. Growth of bone and muscles Release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex _____________________________________________________________ 1. Release of T₄ and T₃ from the thyroid gland F. __________________________________________________________ 1. __________________ a. Estrogen Production b. Egg production 2. ______________ a. Sperm production G. ______________________________ 1. Females a. ______________________________ 2. Males a. __________________________ IV. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary A. ___________________________________________ 1. B. V. Acts on kidney,_____________ urine output ____________________________________ 1. Acts on uterus, causes contractions 2. Acts on breast, causes secretion of milk Major Endocrine Glands A. ____________________________ 1. Thyroxine T₄ and triiodothyronine T₃ a) B. ___________________________________ 1. C. Removes calcium from blood, puts into bones Parathyroid gland 1. Parathyroid hormone a) D. ____________________________________ Removes calcium from bones, puts into blood ____________________________________________ 1. Thymosin a) Development of immune system E. Pineal Gland 1. ______________________________________ a. Produces sleepiness IV. Adrenal glands A. Adrenal Medulla 1. ________________________________________________ a) Adrenaline rush B. Adrenal Cortex 1. 2. 3. V. a) Aldosterone b) Sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys ___________________________________________________ a) Cortisone and cortisol b) Promote gluconeogenesis ___________________________________________________ a) Estrogen and androgens b) Maintains sexual characteristics Pancreas A. __________________________________________ 1. 2. VI. ___________________________________________________ Alpha cells a) _______________________________ b) ____________________blood glucose level Beta cells a) _________________________________________ b) _________________ blood glucose level Gonads B. Testes 1. ______________________________ a) Sperm production C. Ovaries 1. __________________________ a) Secondary sexual characteristics b) Progesterone c) Menstrual cycle 8.2 Vocab adrenal _________________ outer layer of the adrenal glands, which itself has three layers that secrete steroid hormones adrenal _________________ a pair of glands that sit on top of the kidneys; consist of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla adrenal medulla the part of the adrenal glands that functions as a part of the nervous system; it secretes the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamine) during the fight-or-flight response ____________________________________ one lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes six different hormones: growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone ovaries ____________________________________________________ pancreas a long, thin gland located posterior to the stomach; as an endocrine gland, it secretes insulin and glucagon, which control blood glucose levels; as an exocrine gland, it secretes digestive enzymes parathyroid glands two pairs of glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormones in response to low blood calcium levels pineal gland a pinecone-shaped gland in the brain that releases the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin pituitary gland a pea-sized gland that activates a metabolic response in target tissues or stimulates other endocrine glands to release hormones ________________________________________________ one lobe of the pituitary gland that stores two hormones produced by the hypothalamus: antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin scrotum a sac that encases the pair of oval testes testes ____________________________________________________ thymus gland a gland that secretes thymosin, a hormone vital to the body's immune system; functions as both an endocrine gland and a lymphatic organ thyroid gland a gland located below the larynx (Adam's apple) that secretes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin tropic hormones _______________________________________________________________________ 8.3 Endocrine Diseases & Disorders I. Pituitary Disorders A. ________________________________ 1. B. acromegaly, or gigantism ________________________________ 1. Dwarfism 2. diabetes insipidus II. Thyroid Disorders A. B. III. ___________________________________ 1. Goiter 2. Graves disease ____________________________________ 1. Myxedema 2. neonatal hypothyroidism Endocrine System Diseases and Disorders A. B. disorders of ___________________________________________ 1. hypercalcemia 2. hypocalcemia ________________________________________________ 1. IV. Disorders of the ________________________________________________ A. Cushing syndrome 1. B. hypersecretion of cortisol Addison’s disease 1. V. pheochromocytoma hyposecretion of adrenal cortical hormones The Pancreas & Diabetes Mellitus A. symptoms of diabetes mellitus 1. Polyuria a) 2. Polydipsia a) 3. excessive urination excessive thirst Polyphagia a) increased hunger B. type I diabetes mellitus 1. juvenile-onset C. _____________________________________________________________ 1. Adult-onset 2. insulin resistance 3. hyperglycemia 8.3 Vocab acromegaly a rare condition in which the anterior pituitary hyper secretes growth hormone, causing an increase in overall body size; gigantism ___________________________________________________________________ a condition caused by hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones that causes muscle atrophy, a bronze skin tone, low blood pressure, kidney damage, hypoglycemia, secure loss of fluids and electrolytes, and a general feeling of weakness ___________________________________________________________ a disorder of the adrenal cortex caused by hypersecretion of cortisol; symptoms include weight gain, high blood glucose levels, hypertension, and osteoporosis ________________________________________________ a disorder resulting from hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary __________________________________________________ a disease that results from the body's inability to produce sufficient amounts of insulin to regulate blood glucose levels 8.3 Vocab dwarfism a condition in which the pituitary gland hyposecretes growth hormone, resulting in an adult height of less than four feet goiter an enlarged thyroid gland caused by insufficient amounts of iodine or a thyroid disorder ______________________________________________________ an autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid gland and outward bulging of the eyes hypercalcemia a condition caused by the hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to increased blood calcium levels and increased calcium absorption by the kidneys hyperglycemia a condition in which blood glucose levels become elevated hyperthyroidism a condition characterized by a visibly enlarged thyroid gland in the neck; overactive thyroid gland hypothyroidism a condition caused by an underachieve thyroid gland insulin resistance a condition common in type II diabetes in which the pancreas secretes insulin, but they body's insulin receptors are downregulated, causing elevated blood glucose levels myxedema a condition in adults with hyperthyroidism that causes weight gain; a swollen, puffy face; low body temperature; dry skin; and decreased mental acuity neonatal hypothyroidism hypothyroidism that occurs in infants and children; may develop congenitally or following birth peripheral neuropathy a disease or degenerative state of the peripheral nerves often associated with diabetes mellitus; marked by muscle weakness and atrophy, pain, and numbness tetany a condition of sustained muscular contraction thyroiditis _______________________________ type I diabetes mellitus _______________________________________________ type II diabetes mellitus ______________________________________________________________