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Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Kendle Kossie & Mathis Owhadi
8.1 Functions and Control of the Endocrine System
I.
Anatomy on the Endocrine System
A.
Two types of glands
1.
___________________________________________
a)
2.
____________________________________________
a)
II.
Sweat, salivary, mammary, lacrimal, pancreas (hormones & enzymes)
Hormones
A.
__________________________________
1.
B.
C.
lipid based
__________________________________
1.
protein based
Hormone receptors
1.
__________________________
a)
2.
increase
___________________________
a)
III.
Hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary , adrenal, thyroid, pineal, testes
(males), ovaries (females)
decreased
Hormonal Secretion Control
A.
_____________________________________________
1.
B.
Synthetic nerve fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla
a)
Hormones: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
b)
__________________________________
_______________________________________________
1.
Stimulated by the hypothalamus to Anterior Pituitary & Posterior Pituitary
a)
2.
__________________________________
_______________________________________________
a)
Based on blood levels
(1)
IV.
_________________________________________
Hormones & Homeostasis
A.
__________________________________________
1.
B.
Reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to
restore homeostasis
Homeostasis of Hypothalamus
1.
_______________________________________
8.1 Vocab
amino-acid hormones
hormones composed of proteins, or protein-related substances
downregulated
decreased
_______________________
the chief neurohormone of the adrenal medulla that is used as a heart stimulant, a vasoconstrictor
(which narrows the blood vessels), and a bronchodilator (which relaxes the bronchial tubes in the lungs)
______________________________
hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver
hormonal control
type of endocrine control in which endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine
organs, starting with the hypothalamus
___________________________________
chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands
humoral control
type of endocrine control in which levels of various substances in body fluids are monitored for
homeostatic imbalance
___________________________________________________________________
hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary, where they stop
certain hormones from being released; hypothalamic inhibiting hormones
__________________________________________________________________
hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary, where they
stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones
insulin
____________________________________________________________
neural control
type of endocrine control in which nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to release hormones
_____________________________________
lipid hormones
upregulated
increased
8.2 - Major Endocrine Organs
I.
Major Organs of the Endocrine System
II.
________________________________
A.
Helps regulate
1.
Metabolism
2.
Heart Rate
III.
3.
Energy Levels
4.
Body Temperature
5.
Thirst
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
A.
B.
______________ (PRO)
1.
Growth of ___________________________
2.
_____________________________ in a nursing mother
________________________________
1.
C.
____________________________________________________________
1.
D.
Growth of bone and muscles
Release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex
_____________________________________________________________
1.
Release of T₄ and T₃ from the thyroid gland
F. __________________________________________________________
1. __________________
a. Estrogen Production
b. Egg production
2. ______________
a. Sperm production
G. ______________________________
1. Females
a. ______________________________
2. Males
a. __________________________
IV.
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
A.
___________________________________________
1.
B.
V.
Acts on kidney,_____________ urine output
____________________________________
1.
Acts on uterus, causes contractions
2.
Acts on breast, causes secretion of milk
Major Endocrine Glands
A.
____________________________
1.
Thyroxine T₄ and triiodothyronine T₃
a)
B.
___________________________________
1.
C.
Removes calcium from blood, puts into bones
Parathyroid gland
1.
Parathyroid hormone
a)
D.
____________________________________
Removes calcium from bones, puts into blood
____________________________________________
1.
Thymosin
a)
Development of immune system
E. Pineal Gland
1. ______________________________________
a. Produces sleepiness
IV.
Adrenal glands
A.
Adrenal Medulla
1.
________________________________________________
a)
Adrenaline rush
B.
Adrenal Cortex
1.
2.
3.
V.
a)
Aldosterone
b)
Sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys
___________________________________________________
a)
Cortisone and cortisol
b)
Promote gluconeogenesis
___________________________________________________
a)
Estrogen and androgens
b)
Maintains sexual characteristics
Pancreas
A.
__________________________________________
1.
2.
VI.
___________________________________________________
Alpha cells
a)
_______________________________
b)
____________________blood glucose level
Beta cells
a)
_________________________________________
b)
_________________ blood glucose level
Gonads
B.
Testes
1.
______________________________
a)
Sperm production
C.
Ovaries
1.
__________________________
a)
Secondary sexual characteristics
b)
Progesterone
c)
Menstrual cycle
8.2 Vocab
adrenal _________________
outer layer of the adrenal glands, which itself has three layers that secrete steroid hormones
adrenal _________________
a pair of glands that sit on top of the kidneys; consist of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
adrenal medulla
the part of the adrenal glands that functions as a part of the nervous system; it secretes the hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamine) during the fight-or-flight response
____________________________________
one lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes six different hormones: growth hormone, prolactin,
adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and
luteinizing hormone
ovaries
____________________________________________________
pancreas
a long, thin gland located posterior to the stomach; as an endocrine gland, it secretes insulin and
glucagon, which control blood glucose levels; as an exocrine gland, it secretes digestive enzymes
parathyroid glands
two pairs of glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid
hormones in response to low blood calcium levels
pineal gland
a pinecone-shaped gland in the brain that releases the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin
pituitary gland
a pea-sized gland that activates a metabolic response in target tissues or stimulates other endocrine
glands to release hormones
________________________________________________
one lobe of the pituitary gland that stores two hormones produced by the hypothalamus: antidiuretic
hormone and oxytocin
scrotum
a sac that encases the pair of oval testes
testes
____________________________________________________
thymus gland
a gland that secretes thymosin, a hormone vital to the body's immune system; functions as both an
endocrine gland and a lymphatic organ
thyroid gland
a gland located below the larynx (Adam's apple) that secretes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and
calcitonin
tropic hormones
_______________________________________________________________________
8.3 Endocrine Diseases & Disorders
I.
Pituitary Disorders
A.
________________________________
1.
B.
acromegaly, or gigantism
________________________________
1.
Dwarfism
2.
diabetes insipidus
II.
Thyroid Disorders
A.
B.
III.
___________________________________
1.
Goiter
2.
Graves disease
____________________________________
1.
Myxedema
2.
neonatal hypothyroidism
Endocrine System Diseases and Disorders
A.
B.
disorders of ___________________________________________
1.
hypercalcemia
2.
hypocalcemia
________________________________________________
1.
IV.
Disorders of the ________________________________________________
A.
Cushing syndrome
1.
B.
hypersecretion of cortisol
Addison’s disease
1.
V.
pheochromocytoma
hyposecretion of adrenal cortical hormones
The Pancreas & Diabetes Mellitus
A.
symptoms of diabetes mellitus
1.
Polyuria
a)
2.
Polydipsia
a)
3.
excessive urination
excessive thirst
Polyphagia
a)
increased hunger
B. type I diabetes mellitus
1. juvenile-onset
C. _____________________________________________________________
1. Adult-onset
2. insulin resistance
3. hyperglycemia
8.3 Vocab
acromegaly
a rare condition in which the anterior pituitary hyper secretes growth hormone, causing an increase in
overall body size; gigantism
___________________________________________________________________
a condition caused by hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones that causes muscle atrophy, a
bronze skin tone, low blood pressure, kidney damage, hypoglycemia, secure loss of fluids and
electrolytes, and a general feeling of weakness
___________________________________________________________
a disorder of the adrenal cortex caused by hypersecretion of cortisol; symptoms include weight gain,
high blood glucose levels, hypertension, and osteoporosis
________________________________________________
a disorder resulting from hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary
__________________________________________________
a disease that results from the body's inability to produce sufficient amounts of insulin to regulate blood
glucose levels
8.3 Vocab
dwarfism
a condition in which the pituitary gland hyposecretes growth hormone, resulting in an adult height of
less than four feet
goiter
an enlarged thyroid gland caused by insufficient amounts of iodine or a thyroid disorder
______________________________________________________
an autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid gland and outward bulging of the eyes
hypercalcemia
a condition caused by the hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to increased blood
calcium levels and increased calcium absorption by the kidneys
hyperglycemia
a condition in which blood glucose levels become elevated
hyperthyroidism
a condition characterized by a visibly enlarged thyroid gland in the neck; overactive thyroid gland
hypothyroidism
a condition caused by an underachieve thyroid gland
insulin resistance
a condition common in type II diabetes in which the pancreas secretes insulin, but they body's insulin
receptors are downregulated, causing elevated blood glucose levels
myxedema
a condition in adults with hyperthyroidism that causes weight gain; a swollen, puffy face; low body
temperature; dry skin; and decreased mental acuity
neonatal hypothyroidism
hypothyroidism that occurs in infants and children; may develop congenitally or following birth
peripheral neuropathy
a disease or degenerative state of the peripheral nerves often associated with diabetes mellitus; marked
by muscle weakness and atrophy, pain, and numbness
tetany
a condition of sustained muscular contraction
thyroiditis
_______________________________
type I diabetes mellitus
_______________________________________________
type II diabetes mellitus
______________________________________________________________