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Transcript
Ancient Greece from the Minoans to the Macedonians Map Label •Crete •Anatolia •Peloponnesus •Greece •Macedon •Ionia •Aegean Sea •Black Sea •Med. Sea •Ionian Sea •Dardanelles (Hellespont) Use Atlas Pages 6-7 In Key – Shade Greek territory in 7th century •Cities (mark with a dot) •Athens . •Sparta . •Knossos . •Troy (Ilium) . 2 3 4 Greek Contributions to Western Civilization 5 Table of Contents I. Minoans and Mycenaeans II. Greek Mythology- http://csdela6.wikispaces.com/file/view/6th+Grade+Greek+Mythology+Activities.pdf III. Introduction to Greek Life – The Greek Polis IV. Impact of Geography on Ancient Greece V. Evolution of Greek Governments VI. Athens vs. Sparta VII. The Persian Wars VIII. The Golden Age of Pericles IX. The Peloponnesian War X. Conquest of Greece and the Rise of Alexander the Great XI. The Hellenistic Age II. The Dark Age of Greece A. Shortly after Trojan War, Mycenaean civ. collapses •Around 1200 B.C. sea raiders attacked and burned palaces. •A new group, the Dorians, moved into Greek lands 1.they have no written language, and are far less advanced 2.trade and economy collapsed 3.no written records exist between 1150 – 750 B.C. 4.This Doric Period is called the Dark Age of Greece 7 III. The Epics of Homer A. Lacking writing, Greeks learned about Trojan War through spoken word. B. Greatest storyteller was a blind poet named Homer •750-700 B.C. Homer composed two great epic poems: •The Iliad and The Odyssey 1.The Iliad = Trojan War - Greek Achilles vs. Hector of Troy 2.The Odyssey = Odysseus’ 10 year journey home after the war •The poems celebrated heroic deeds & values. •Poems were used to teach values important to Greeks. 8 The Twelve Olympians, in Greek mythology, were the principal gods of the Greek pantheon, residing atop Mount Olympus. There were, at various times, fourteen different gods recognized as Olympians, though never more than twelve at one time. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are always considered Olympians. Hestia, Demeter, Dionysus, and Hades are the variable gods among the Twelve. Hestia gave up her position as an Olympian to Dionysus in order to live among mankind (eventually she was assigned the role of tending the fire on Mount Olympus). Persephone spent six months of the year in the underworld (causing winter), and was allowed to return to Mount Olympus for the other six months in order to be with her mother, Demeter. And, although Hades was always one of the principal Greek gods, his home in the underworld of the dead made his connection to the Olympians more tenuous. The Olympians gained their supremacy in the world of gods after Zeus led his siblings to victory in war with the Titans; Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, and Hades were siblings; all other Olympians (with the exception of foam-born Aphrodite) are usually considered the children of Zeus by various mothers, except for Athena, who in some versions of the myth was born of Zeus alone. Additionally, some versions of the myth state that Hephaestus was born of Hera alone as Hera's revenge for Zeus' solo birth of Athena. Greek Mythology Essential Understanding: Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was central to the culture, politics, and art in Ancient. Essential Question: How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition? Greek Mythology = polytheistic religion - Explained mysteries of nature and human life -Gods directly involved in human life -Gods displayed human qualities/characteristics -Gods believed to have lived on Mount Olympus Table of Contents Greek Mythology continued Essential Understanding: Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology. Essential Question: What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the modern world? Greek Mythology - Major deities = Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Athena, Hades, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite - Romans adopt Greeks gods but change names - Things we see and say everyday come from Greek mythology. Table of Contents Greek Gods and Goddesses God/Goddess Image God/Goddess Zeus Hades Hera Apollo Poseidon Artemis Athena Aphrodite Image Greek Gods and Goddesses: Symbols and images in Western culture Zeus Hera Zeus’ wife and sister Poseidon God of the Sea Hades and Persephone Athena Goddess of Wisdom, Peace and Defensive war. Aphrodite Goddess of Beauty and Erotic Love Apollo God of the Sun, Music, and Poetry Hermes The Messenger God Prometheus He was a champion of human-kind known for his wily intelligence, who stole fire from Zeus and gave it to mortals. Zeus then punished him for his crime by having him bound to a rock while a great eagle ate his liver every day only to have it grow back to be eaten again the next day. Impact of Geography on Ancient Greece Table of Contents Big Question – How did the geography of Greece shape economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization? Mountains covered 75 % of terrain, separating Greece into small isolated regions. City-states develop. No central government! Scarcity of level land for farming grains caused rivalries between city-states. Rugged, hilly terrain was ideal for growing crops such as grapes and olives. Many deep harbors and calm waters invited sea trade. Overseas trade and travel made easy by many seas, islands, and coastal settlements. Lack of resources and farmland + overpopulation forced Greeks to establish colonies. Spread of Greek culture! Greek City-States Back to Ancient Greece Grapes Olives Back to Geography Greeks colonize throughout Mediterranean and Black Seas Back to Geography Need to colonize Colonize in grain-producing regions to import back to homeland 27 Evolution of Greek Governments Monarchy – earliest form of government in Greece; rule by a king *Citizenship in the Greek Polis •Who were “Citizens” in Greece? Where did the right to rule usually come from in a monarchy? Hereditary rule and often claiming divine right Aristocracy - rule by small group of noble, land-owning families •Free adult males •Only ones with political rights and participation in government. What would be a drawback to an aristocracy? •Who were not “Citizens” in Greece? Did not represent the masses. Very few had right to participate in government. •Women, foreigners and slaves have no political rights Oligarchy – rule by a few powerful people Why do you think oligarchies eventually lost power? Rulers did not look out for good of the people. Became self-serving; and people revolted. Tyranny – rule by one who took over by force/through revolt How and why did early tyrants often come to power? Tyrants appealed to the poor & discontented promising changes and reform. Democracy – rule by the people How did Athens’ democracy differ from ours today? Athens had narrow definition of “citizenship”. However, Athenian gov’t expected participation. Table of Contents Introduction to Greek Life Things to Know An outdoor lifestyle – the mild Mediterranean climate promoted an outdoor civic & cultural life. The Agora – open area gathering place in the center of the polis; center of social, economic and political life. Hellenic culture – Greeks refer to themselves as Hellenes; Greek culture = Hellenic culture Ancient Greece The Acropolis – a fortified hilltop in the center of many city-states. The most famous is the Acropolis in Athens. The most famous building on the Acropolis is the Parthenon. Four Bonds that United All Greeks •Common language & literature – Homeric epic & others •Religion – Greek mythology connected to all Greeks •Olympic Games – united city-states in competition; 1st held in 476 B.C. •Fear of the Persians – Defense of homeland unites Greeks Greek Polis = City-state - an urban center and the countryside surrounding it. Ancient Greece consisted of hundreds of independentlygoverned city-states Greeks considered themselves members of their polis, not of a country. Table of Contents The Agora in Athens The heartbeat of the Greek polis Back to Ancient Greece The Acropolis in Athens Back to Ancient Greece Back to Ancient Greece •Golden Age notes 33 •Golden Age note “Parthenon” Nashville, Tennessee 34 •Golden Age notes 35 The Olympic Games – built rivalries and competition among Greeks Next Olympic slide Back to Ancient Greece Back to Ancien Greece Persian Empire under Darius Back to Greece Evolution of Democracy in Athens: 5.2 1. What was the primary cause of conflict between rich and poor in Athens? 2. Describe the tyrant Draco’s positive reform for Athens. 3. Where did Draco’s reforms go wrong? 4. List the Tyrant Solon’s positive reform efforts 5. How did Pisistratus gain the support of the poor? 6. What steps did Cleisthenes take to create a limited democracy in Athens? Warring City-States - 5.2 1. How did Sparta treat the Messenians? Made them Helots, peasants forced to stay on the land they worked and turn over half their crop 2. What was the primary cause of conflict between rich and poor in Athens? Struggle over political power 3. What type of society did Sparta create in response to the revolt? Strong, highly disciplined military state 4. What economic and political reforms did Solon initiate? Outlawed debt slavery, gave more power to the Assembly, allowed all citizens to bring legal suits, encouraged overseas trade. Back to Athens vs. Sparta 5. How did Pisistratus gain the support of the poor? Gave funds to peasants to buy farm equipment; created jobs by launching building programs 6. What steps did Cleisthenes take to create a limited democracy in Athens? Reorganized law-making assembly, allowed all citizens to introduce laws, created Council of Five Hundred chosen by lot to counsel assembly. 7. What advantages did the Greek soldiers have over the Persians? Discipline, training, heavy armor, and the phalanx formation 8. What were the consequences of the Persian Wars? End of Persian threat and emergence of Golden Age of Athens 41 Athens vs. Sparta Government? Culture? Education? Men? Women? 42 Comparing Athens and Sparta Two powerful but different Greek city-states Athens Government Basis of Society Life for Boys Life for Girls Sparta Powerful Athenian Navy – Athenian Trireme 44 Powerful Spartan Army Powerful Athenian Navy 45 Athens vs. Sparta Table of Contents 5.2 Wkbk Two city-states with very different views Type of Government Athens Democracy Assembly = All citizens; Assembly Government participation passed laws + served as supreme court Council of 500 – randomly chosen - proposed laws Boys – school from age 7-18 Education •Studied literature, math, drawing, and military music, & rhetoric duty •At 18 – served 2 years in military •Strongest Greek navy Position of women Girls – no formal ed. •Learned household duties: weaving, baking, child care •No gov’t participation! Sparta Oligarchy Council of Elders – proposed laws Assembly – elected officials, voted on issues Ephors – carried out laws; courts 2 kings – commanded military Life revolved around military! •Boys – Age 7, went to military barracks; learned to read, write & use weapons. Soldiers from 20-60 •Strongest Greek army Expected to be healthy & strong = healthy babies •Gymnastics, boxing, wrestling •More personal rights than other women •Still, no gov’t participation Critical Intro • What were Greece’s disadvantages against the Persians? Advantages? 47 The Persian Wars Table of Contents Greek city-states vs. Persian Empire 490 – 479 B.C. 1st Persian War •Begins with Ionian Revolt •Battle of Marathon Persian War organizer 2nd Persian War •Battle of Thermopylae •Battle of Salamis •Battle of Plataea Major Events of the Persian Wars Back to Persian Wars Persian Wars 50 Next phalanx Back to Notes Spartan War Machine – Powerful Army 53 Back to Persian Wars Ionian Revolt Persia Ionia •546 B.C. – ______________ conquers Greek settlements of _____________. Ionians revolt •499 B.C. – _________________________ against Persian rule. Athens •_____________ sends troops to help Ionians fight Persians. Athenians destroy Persian town. King Darius •Persia’s _______________________________ sends troops to put down the revolt. •After 5 years, Persia suppresses the revolt. Persia back in control. attack mainland Greece •Darius decides to _____________________________________________ to punish Athens. Ionia 1st Persian War Battle of Marathon Back to Persian Wars Aegean Sea •490 B.C. – Darius sent his fleet across ______________________________ to attack Athens. Marathon •Persian landed on the beaches of ________________________; Athenians attacked them there. Greeks •________________________ attacked while the Persians were preparing to board their ships. Persians •____________________ were defeated and sailed home rather than attack Athens directly. 2nd Persian War Back to Persian Wars Battle of Thermopylae 10 years •________________ after Marathon, Darius’ son Xerxes invades Greece from the north ___________. 300 Spartans •_____________________________ and other Greeks decide to fight Persians at Thermopylae. mountains sea in northern Greece. •Thermopylae = narrow strip of land between ________________ and _____ Spartans •________________ hold back massive Persian army long enough for other Greeks to escape. they become heroes •Persians surround Spartans and all 300 Spartans are killed; _____________________________. 2nd Persian War Back to Persian Wars Battle of Salamis •______________________ and troops destroyed Athens. Xerxes Strait of Salamis •Athenians led Persian fleet into narrow ______________________________________ •Persia’s _______________________________ crowded together in the narrow strait. larger heavier ships destroying most of the Persian fleet. •Greece’s lighter faster ships rammed Persian ships, _____________ Xerxes retreat for home •____________________ and most of the Persian army ______________________________. •Xerxes ________________________________________ to continue the fight. leaves one army End of Persian Wars Back to Persian Wars Battle of Plataea •Spring of 479 B.C. – _______________________________ continued their assault Persian army 40,000 Greeks Plataea •_________________________, led by the Spartans, met the Persians at ________________. •The _________________________________ the Persian army, the Persian Wars were over. Greeks destroyed Results of the Persian Wars •Athens and Sparta united to defeat Persians. •Greeks retain control of Aegean Sea. •Athens leads Greece into Golden Age. •Athens forms Delian League; alliance of 140 city-states. •Delian League drives Persians out of bordering areas. •Athens establishes an “Aegean Empire”. •Golden Age notes Delian League = foundation of Athenian Empire