Download The organic compound that is our body*s major source of energy

The organic compound that is our
body’s major source of energy
=Carbohydrates
The monomer of carbohydrates
=Monosaccharides
The organic compound that
makes up cellular membranes,
steroids, & long-term energy
storage.
=Lipids
The monomer of lipids is fatty acids
attached to a = Glycerol
This organic compound catalyzes
chemical reactions, facilitates
communication between cells, &
transports biological molecules in
the body = Proteins
The monomer of proteins
= Amino acids
This organic compound makes the
genetic code that creates you.
= Nucleic acid
The monomer of nucleic acids
= Nucleotides
Sucrose is an example of a
= Disaccharide
This polysaccharide is what plants
store the food they make during
photosynthesis as = Starch
This polysaccharide makes up the
exoskeletons of arthropods & the
cell walls of fungi = Chitin
This polysaccharide is what
animals store energy in their liver &
muscles as = Glycogen
This type of protein lowers the
activation energy of a chemical
reaction in your body = Enzymes
This is the required amount of energy
to start a chemical reaction in your
body = Activation energy
Enzymes fit like a _________________
to its substrate. = Lock-and-key
The molecule(s) on which an enzyme
acts (Enzymes build & break apart)
= Substrate
The tendency of similar or identical
particles/surfaces to cling to one
another = Cohesion
The concept that
describes a molecule that
has an uneven distribution
of electrons, creating a
‘charge’. = Polarity
This demonstrates what
property of water?
= Surface tension
The tendency of dissimilar particles or
surfaces to cling to one another =
Adhesion
Water’s polarity gives it several
unique properties- such as water is
the universal ___________.= Solvent
The substance in the solution that is
dissolved is called the ____________.
= Solute
An reaction in which energy is
absorbed (the products have more
energy than the reactants). =
Endergonic
The substance in the solution that is
doing the dissolving is called the
____________. = Solvent
An reaction in which energy is
released (the products have less
energy than the reactants).
=Exergonic
Cells that do not contain a nucleus
or any organelles; Example: bacteria
= Prokaryotes
These structures serve as sites for
protein synthesis and are made in
the nucleolus of eukaryotes
= Ribosomes
Cells that contain a nucleus and
other organelles = Eukaryotes
This structure provides the
scaffolding of the cell. It spans
throughout the entire cytoplasm
and is made of microtubules and
microfilaments. = Cytoskeleton
Cell membranes are
made up of
________________. =
Phospholipids
Refers to an organism that makes
its own food = Autotroph/Producer
Phospholipids form
membranes by
making a unique
arrangement referred
to as a =
Lipid bilayer.
Refers to an organism that obtains
its food by consuming other things
(through absorption or ingestion)
=Heterotroph/Consumer
The type of transport
across a membrane
that requires energy in
order to perform
=Active Transport
When particles
become distributed
evenly and uniformly
=Diffusion
The type of transport
across a membrane
that moves down the
gradient to equilibrium;
it does not require
energy
= Passive Transport
The diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane
=Osmosis
Another way of saying that a cell
membrane chooses what
substances enter and leave the cell
=Selectively permeable
Active transport; a large amount of
substances are taken into the cell
= Endocytosis
Active transport; a large amount of
substances are released from the cell
=Exocytosis
Active transport; when food/solids
are taken into the cell
=Phagocytosis
Active transport; when large amounts
of a liquid is taken into the cell
=Pinocytosis
The longest portion of the cell
cycle; Made up of three stages –
G1, S, & G2 phases =Interphase
The process by which a cell separates
the chromosomes in its cell nucleus
into two identical sets =Mitosis
The process in which the cytoplasm
of a cell is divided to form two
daughter cells =Cytokinesis
The phase in which the DNA of a cell is
replicated before mitosis & cytokinesis
=S phase
Cytokinesis is completed in animal
cells through the formation of a
___________________.
=Cleavage furrow
Cytokinesis is completed in plant cells
through the formation of a
____________. =Cell plate
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
An example of homeostasis in
which an organism regulates its
temperature = Thermoregulation
The state in which an organism
regulates its internal environment and
tends to maintain a stable, relatively
constant condition of properties such
as temperature or pH = Homeostasis
The process in which food such as
glucose is converted into useable
energy (ATP) for the cell
= Cellular respiration
The process in which the energy from
sunlight is used to power the production
of glucose =Photosynthesis
Membrane-bound discs in a
chloroplast where the light
dependent reaction of
photosynthesis occurs =Thylakoid
The folds of the inner membrane of the
mitochondria where the electron
transport chain is located =Cristae
This organelle is the “power-house”
of the cell; it is responsible for
cellular respiration = Mitochondria
This organelle is the “food factory” of
plant cells through photosynthesis;
contains the pigment chlorophyll
=Chloroplast
The metabolic pathway in which
glucose is broken into two
pyruvates = Glycolysis
The second step of aerobic cellular
respiration is ___=Citric acid cycle___
also known as the Krebs cycle. It occurs
in the matrix of the mitochondria.
The __=Electron transport chain__
is the final stage of aerobic cellular
respiration; Here, oxygen acts as
the final electron accepter so ATP
can be made.
Aerobic cellular respiration makes
__=32-38 (36)__ ATP.
Fermentation makes _=2_ ATP.
Anaerobic cellular respiration in which
lactic acid is a byproduct; this is what
makes you sore after a work-out
=Lactic acid Fermentation
Cellular respiration without oxygen
is called =Fermentation .
Anaerobic cellular respiration in which
alcohol and carbon dioxide is a
byproduct; yeast does this in the
production of bread
= Alcoholic fermentation
consists of Photosystems I & II;
requires sunlight and water, makes
energy for the Calvin cycle, &
gives off oxygen
=Light Dependent Reaction
The second step in photosynthesis;
requires energy & carbon dioxide to
make glucose; also known as the Calvin
cycle =Light Independent Reaction
Factors in an ecosystem that are
living =Biotic factors
The type of symbiosis in which both
species benefit; Example: Clownfish &
the sea anemone =Mutualism
Factors in an ecosystem that are
non-living =Abiotic factors
The type of symbiosis in which one
species benefits, the other is neither
helped nor harmed; Example: Moss
growing on a tree =Commensalism
Biomes are classified based on
these things: = Precipitation,
Temperature (together makes
climate) & the flora and fauna
The type of symbiosis in which one
species benefits, the other is harmed;
Example: Ringworms in a dog
=Parasitism
This is the single sequence of who
eats whom in a community to
obtain nutrition.
=Food chain
This depicts all the
interconnected
feeding relationships in
a community.
=Food web
This graphical model
shows how much energy
flows through each
trophic level
=Energy pyramid
Each layer in an
ecological pyramid is
called a _=trophic_
level; this word means
food
This model shows the
relative number of the
members of each trophic
level
= Pyramid of Numbers
This demonstrates how
much biomass (dry
mass of the organisms)
is present at each
trophic level
= Biomass pyramid
Relationship between different
species or members of the same
species in which individuals strive
to get food, water, territory, mates,
etc. =Competition
Interaction when an organism captures
and feeds off of another =Predation
Examples of density-dependent
factors = Competition, predation,
parasitism, & disease
A factor that causes the growth of a
population to decrease =Limiting factor
Examples of density-independent
factors =Unusual weather, natural
disasters, seasonal cycles, and
certain human activities
Succession that occurs on bare surfaces
where no soil exists; after lava flow or
glacier movement = Primary succession
The observed changes in the
makeup of an ecosystem over
time. = Ecological succession
Succession following a disturbance that
destroy a community without destroying
the soil; Example: after tornadoes,
floods, or hurricanes
=Secondary succession
First species to populate an area
during primary succession; Usually
lichen =Pioneer species
Group of similar organisms that can
breed and produce fertile offspring
=Species
Group of individuals of the same
species that live in the same area
=Population
Different populations that live together
in a defined area (all the living things in
a given area) =Community
Collection of all the organisms that
live in a particular area together
with the abiotic factors
=Ecosystem
Group of ecosystems that have the
same climate and dominant
communities =Biome
All parts of Earth in which life exists
=Biosphere
The average, year-after-year conditions
of temperature and precipitation in a
particular region =Climate
Condition of Earth’s atmosphere
at a particular time and place
=Weather
Natural situation in which heat is
retained in Earth’s atmosphere by
carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor,
and other gases =Greenhouse effect