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Clinical Infectious Diseases
1 June 2014
Volume 58
Number 11
i News
iii In the Literature
ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES
1497 Risk of Stroke Following Herpes Zoster: A Self-Controlled Case-Series
Study
Sinéad M. Langan, Caroline Minassian, Liam Smeeth, and Sara L. Thomas
On the cover: The Poor Lazarus at the Gate of the
Rich Man’s House, fresco, 12thc., Anonymous, from
San Clemente de Tahull. Art Museum of Cataluña,
Barcelona, Spain. Art Resource, NY. Reproduced
with permission.
A New Testament story tells of the rejection of a
poor beggar, Lazarus, from the table of a rich man,
Dives. Lazarus, as above, was often depicted with
leprous sores and a crutch, to indicate that he was
like those seen in the Middle Ages, who while
suffering from leprosy, were forced to beg for a
living, due to the restrictions on their daily existence.
The story was a morality tale, which ended well
for Lazarus, for he went to heaven; Dives, however,
suffered for his miserly behavior in the depths of
Hell. This Lazarus was the eponymous sufferer after
whom institutions such as Lazar House or Lazaretto
were named. Such institutions were served by
charitable clergy and laymen, who cared for those
stricken with this disease.
Here, in this Romanesque fresco, the sufferer is
depicted in a despondent posture, with leproma all
over his body, while a dog licks his sores. Leprosy
sores were commonly stylized as spots in paintings
at the time.
(Mary & Michael Grizzard, Cover Art Editors)
Adults developing zoster are at increased risk of stroke for 6 months with a >3-fold increased risk
following zoster ophthalmicus. Incidence ratios of stroke were lower among those receiving antiviral
drugs compared with untreated individuals, suggesting a possible protective effect.
1504 Editorial Commentary: Varicella Zoster Virus Infection: Generally
Benign in Kids, Bad in Grown-ups
Maria Nagel and Don Gilden
1507 Cost-effectiveness of Competing Strategies for Management of
Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Decision Analysis
Gauree G. Konijeti, Jenny Sauk, Mark G. Shrime, Meera Gupta, and Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) causes considerable morbidity and is characterized by substantial
risk of recurrence. In a decision model of strategies to treat recurrent CDI, initial treatment with fecal
microbiota transplant using colonoscopic delivery is the most cost-effective approach.
1515 Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Relapsing Clostridium difficile Infection
Using a Frozen Inoculum From Unrelated Donors: A Randomized,
Open-Label, Controlled Pilot Study
Ilan Youngster, Jenny Sauk, Christina Pindar, Robin G. Wilson, Jess L. Kaplan, Mark B. Smith,
Eric J. Alm, Dirk Gevers, George H. Russell, and Elizabeth L. Hohmann
Fecal microbiota transplant is increasingly used to treat recurrent or relapsing Clostridium difficile
infection. In this randomized controlled study, using a frozen inoculum from unrelated donors was safe
and effective, whether administered by nasogastric tube or by colonoscopy.
1523 Vaccinated Children and Adolescents With Pertussis Infections
Experience Reduced Illness Severity and Duration, Oregon, 2010–2012
Russell S. Barlow, Laura E. Reynolds, Paul R. Cieslak, and Amy D. Sullivan
We examined how vaccination status influenced the course of illness among persons infected with
Bordetella pertussis in Oregon between 2010 and 2012. Our analyses provide evidence that vaccinated
individuals have decreased disease severity and reduced illness duration.
1530 Editorial Commentary: Pertussis Is Less Severe in Vaccinated Than in
Unvaccinated Patients
Jussi Mertsola
1533 The Efficacy of Daptomycin Versus Vancomycin
for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Bloodstream Infection in Patients With Impaired
Renal Function
Adam Weston, Yoav Golan, Christina Holcroft, and David R. Snydman
There was no significant difference in the efficacy of daptomycin in
patients with impaired renal function in methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection compared with vancomycin
using a propensity-matched retrospective analysis.
1540 Hygiene Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft Tissue
Infections: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled
Trial Among High-Risk Military Trainees
Michael W. Ellis, Carey D. Schlett, Eugene V. Millar, Kenneth J. Wilkins,
Katrina B. Crawford, Stephanie M. Morrison-Rodriguez, Laura A. Pacha,
Rachel J. Gorwitz, Jeffrey B. Lanier, and David R. Tribble
In this prospective cluster-randomized trial among high-risk military
trainees, personal hygiene and education measures, including
once-weekly use of chlorhexidine body wash, did not prevent overall
skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) or methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus SSTI.
1549 Hepatitis Delta Is a Major Determinant of
Liver Decompensation Events and Death in
HIV-Infected Patients
José Vicente Fernández-Montero, Eugenia Vispo, Pablo Barreiro,
Rocío Sierra-Enguita, Carmen de Mendoza, Pablo Labarga, and
Vincent Soriano
Hepatitis delta is a neglected but potentially life-threatening condition.
As hepatitis B and C are successfully managed with the newest
antivirals, hepatitis delta is emerging as a major cause of hepatic
decompensation and death in HIV-positive injection drug users.
1554 Cefepime vs Other Antibacterial Agents for the
Treatment of Enterobacter Species Bacteremia
Mark J. Siedner, Alicia Galar, Belisa B. Guzmán-Suarez,
David W. Kubiak, Nour Baghdady, Mary Jane Ferraro, David C. Hooper,
Thomas F. O’Brien, and Francisco M. Marty
Among all cases of Enterobacter bacteremia at 2 academic hospitals
over 6 years, we found 100% efficacy of single-agent cefepime at
clearing bacteremia ≤1 day and similar rates of in-hospital mortality
compared with carbapenems.
1564 Extragenital Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Testing
and Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With
Men—STD Surveillance Network, United States,
2010–2012
Monica E. Patton, Sarah Kidd, Eloisa Llata, Mark Stenger, Jim Braxton,
Lenore Asbel, Kyle Bernstein, Beau Gratzer, Megan Jespersen,
Roxanne Kerani, Christie Mettenbrink, Mukhtar Mohamed, Preeti Pathela,
Christina Schumacher, Ali Stirland, Jeff Stover, Irina Tabidze,
Robert D. Kirkcaldy, and Hillard Weinstock
Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia were common among men who
have sex with men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. Most
extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia infections would not have been
identified, and presumably would have remained untreated, if only
urethral screening were performed.
VIEWPOINTS
1571 Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group:
Open for Business
Henry F. Chambers, John G. Bartlett, Robert A. Bonomo, Christine Chiou,
Sara E. Cosgrove, Heather R. Cross, Robert S. Daum, Michele Downing,
Scott R. Evans, Jane Knisely, Barry N. Kreiswirth, Ebbing Lautenbach,
Brenda S. Mickley, Robin Patel, Melinda M. Pettigrew, Keith A. Rodvold,
Brad Spellberg, and Vance G. Fowler Jr
The Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group (ARLG) is tasked with
prioritizing, designing, implementing, and conducting clinical studies to
address antibacterial resistance. This article outlines clinical research
resources and opportunities made available by ARLG and encourages
submission of proposals that address antibacterial resistance.
PHOTO QUIZ
1577 An Unusual Pain in the Neck
(Answer on pages 1638–9.)
INVITED ARTICLES
1579 FOOD SAFETY
Campylobacter fetus Infections in Humans:
Exposure and Disease
Jaap A. Wagenaar, Marcel A. P. van Bergen, Martin J. Blaser,
Robert V. Tauxe, Diane G. Newell, and Jos P. M. van Putten
Campylobacter fetus is an opportunistic pathogen causing intestinal
disease but also systemic infections. Major reservoirs are cattle and
sheep. Food products may be a source of infection. Campylobacter fetus
infection should always be considered in immunocompromised and
occupationally exposed individuals.
1587 CLINICAL PRACTICE
Beyond Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibition: The
Expanding Pipeline of Biologic Therapies for
Inflammatory Diseases and Their Associated
Infectious Sequelae
S. A. Novosad and K. L. Winthrop
Targeted biologic therapies directed at specific and novel immune system
targets continue to be developed for the treatment of immune-mediated
inflammatory diseases. This article reviews both well-known and newer
targeted therapies along with their associated infectious morbidity.
HIV/AIDS
1599 HIV Viremia and Incidence of Non-Hodgkin
Lymphoma in Patients Successfully Treated With
Antiretroviral Therapy
Chad J. Achenbach, Ashley L. Buchanan, Stephen R. Cole, Lifang Hou,
Michael J. Mugavero, Heidi M. Crane, Richard D. Moore,
Richard H. Haubrich, Satish Gopal, Joseph J. Eron, Peter W. Hunt,
Benigno Rodriguez, Kenneth Mayer, Michael S. Saag, and
Mari M. Kitahata; for the Centers for AIDS Research (CFAR) Network of
Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence is high in HIV-infected patients
successfully treated with antiretroviral therapy. HIV replication, even at
low levels, may be an important modifiable risk factor for non-Hodgkin
lymphoma.
1607 Early Warning Indicators for HIV Drug
Resistance in Adults in South Africa at 2 Pilot
Sites, 2008–2010
Nomathemba M. Dube, Khin S. Tint, and Robert S. Summers
Early warning indicator monitoring to reflect clinic performance is
feasible in South Africa. A national electronic data capturing system and
prevention of drug stockouts at the facility level are important to improve
drug adherence and reduce emergence of drug resistance.
1615 Editorial Commentary: Monitoring Early Warning
Indicators for HIV Drug Resistance in South
Africa: Challenges and Opportunities
T. M. Rossouw
1618 Patient Attrition Between the Emergency
Department and Clinic Among Individuals
Presenting for HIV Nonoccupational Postexposure
Prophylaxis
Isaac I. Bogoch, Eileen P. Scully, Kimon C. Zachary, Sigal Yawetz,
Kenneth H. Mayer, Chaim M. Bell, and Jason R. Andrews
In a prospective observational cohort study, we found that 45.6% of
patients referred for continuing human immunodeficiency virus
postexposure prophylaxis from the emergency department failed to
attend their initial appointment. Older age and self-payment were
significant predictors of attrition.
1625 Increasing Incidence of Recent Hepatitis D Virus
Infection in HIV-Infected Patients in an Area
Hyperendemic for Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Chien-Ching Hung, Shih-Min Wu, Pi-Han Lin, Wang-Huei Sheng,
Zong-Yu Yang, Hsin-Yun Sun, Mao-Song Tsai, Kuan-Yeh Lee,
Ming-Siang Huang, Shu-Fang Chang, Yi-Ching Su, Wen-Chun Liu, and
Sui-Yuan Chang
In a country hyperendemic for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, the
authors found that the incidence of recent hepatitis D virus infection is
increasing among HIV-infected patients over the 20-year study period,
which is associated with syphilis and hepatitis flares.
1634 Increased HIV-1 Activity in Anal High-Grade
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions Compared With
Unaffected Anal Mucosa in Men Who Have Sex
With Men
Georgios Pollakis, Olivier Richel, Joost D. Vis, Jan M. Prins,
William A. Paxton, and Henry J. C. de Vries
CORRESPONDENCE
1640 Free Testosterone for Hypogonadism Assessment
in HIV-Infected Men
Anne K. Monroe and Todd T. Brown
1640 Reply to Monroe and Brown
A. Danoff, M. Horberg, and J. A. Aberg
1641 False-Positive Quantiferon Results at a Large
Healthcare Institution
Madeline Slater, Anthony DuBose, and Niaz Banaei
1642 Healthcare Globalization and Medical Tourism
C. Sadlier, C. Bergin, and C. Merry
1643 Reply to Sadlier, Bergin, and Merry
Lin H. Chen and Mary E. Wilson
1644 Virological and Epidemiological Evidence of Avian
Influenza Virus Infections Among Feral Dogs in
Live Poultry Markets, China: A Threat to Human
Health?
Shuo Su, Pei Zhou, Xinliang Fu, Lifang Wang, Malin Hong, Gang Lu,
Lingshuang Sun, Wenbao Qi, Zhangyong Ning, Kun Jia, Ziguo Yuan,
Heng Wang, Changwen Ke, Jie Wu, Guihong Zhang, Gregory C. Gray,
and Shoujun Li
ERRATUM
1647 Allison GM et al (Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:812–19)
ELECTRONIC ARTICLE
e146 Suspected Person-to-Person Transmission of Q
Fever Among Hospitalized Pregnant Women
Sharon Amit, Shiri Shinar, Ora Halutz, Yafit Atiya-Nasagi, and
Michael Giladi
We report a case of suspected Q fever transmission among pregnant
women, presumably via aerosolization of vaginally excreted infectious
placental particles. This case questions whether current infection control
guidelines are sufficient for Q fever–infected women in similar settings.
The electronic article listed above is freely available in this issue
of Clinical Infectious Diseases online (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/
content/current ).