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International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 Encoded Digital Periodic Table Lutvo Kurić Independent Researcher – Kalinska 7/6 72290 Novi Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The subject of this thesis is a digital approach to the investigation of the digital basis of digital Periodic Table. The digital mechanism of this Table have been analyzed by the application of cybernetic methods, information theory and system theory, respectively. This paper is to report that we discovered new methods for development of the new technologies in chemistry. It is about the most advanced digital technology which is based on program, cybernetics and informational systems and laws. The results in practical application of the new technology could be useful in chemistry, bioinformatics, genetics, bio-chemistry and other natural sciences. Keywords: Digital Periodic Table, digital chemistry, digital chemical code, biochemistry 1. INTRODUCTION The subjects of our research are program lawfulness, cybernetic lawfulness, and informational lawfulness in Periodic system Table. In the science, one question has been present for a long time, that is, if there is one unique common connection that links all chemical elements in this Table. The doubt is, if the periodical is only a physical-chemical matter of objective material relationship or maybe a matter of numbers and mathematics. With the goal to find the answers on some of those questions, we have made a decision to do a research on, if in this Table exists program, cybernetic and information lawfulness. Results is: We have discovered that sequences of all elements in this Table conducted, not just according to their chemical and periodical characteristics, but especially according to the program lawfulness, cybernetic lawfulness, and informational lawfulness. In fact, we have discovered the digital balance in distribution of elements in Periodic system Table is achieved. Here we wish to present our points of views about the program-cybernetics lawfulness in this Table. 2. METHODS Digital image where chemistry is represented is in the form of numbers. That image can be created with the help of the new scientific methods. At the first stage of our research we replaced the chemical elements from the chemical formulae with atomic numbers, numbers of atoms, atomic weight and other numerical values in those formulas. 49 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 By this way we got digital image of chemistry. Then we mathematically analyzed those digital images. After we making such analysis, we discovered existence of digital codes in those images, which interconnect all chemical elements and other sequences in chemistry. Given below is a brief introduction about the way we discovered those chemistry digital codes and how those codes interconnect all chemical elements in this science. 3. RESULTS OF RESEARCH Results of our research show that the processes of sequencing the chemical elements are conditioned and arranged not only with chemical and biochemical, but also with program, cybernetic and informational lawfulness too. At the first stage of our research we replaced chemical elements from the Periodic Table with atomic numbers of those elements. This study translates the periodic table of elements from a digital form and explores the idea of improving readers' comprehension and retention of complex information. It is designed to help readers visualize abstract information by actively engaging them in their learning experience. It also helps them understand the interconnectedness of complex systems—the periodic table of elements being a prime example—by translating digital numerical information into visual patterns that can be detected and compared. Users will hopefully apply this form of learning to other areas as well. 3.1. Decode the digital chemical language The above algorithms enable to decode the digital chemical language and to discover codes that mutually connect the parameters in digital images from Periodic Table. Examples: Correlation of the number of electrons and number of the chemical elements Orbit of the atom K L Q M P N O Number of electrons 2 8 8 18 18 32 32 Periods Number of the chemical element I II III IV V VI VII 2 8 8 18 18 32 32 In fact, the mathematical balance in distribution of elements in Periodic system Table and electrons in orbit of atom is achieved. 50 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 Periodic Square Table Period 1 H 1 He 2 Periods 2 and 3 42 42 42 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 42 42 Periods 4 and 5 62 219 219 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 51 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 219 219 Periods 6 and 7 82 692 692 Cs 55 Ba 56 La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 52 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 Lr 103 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Ds 110 Uuu 111 Uub 112 Uut 113 Uuq 114 Uup 115 Uuh 116 Uus 117 Uuo 118 692 692 This text translates the periodic table of elements from a digital form. 3.2. Digital Pertiodic Table A digital Periodic Table of order n is an arrangement of n² numbers, usually distinct integers, in a square, such that the n numbers in all rows, all columns, and both diagonals sum to the same constant. A digital square contains the integers from 1 to n². The term "digital square" is also sometimes used to refer to any of various types of word square. Mathematical position of the chemical elements in Periodic Table Period 1 H He 1 2 53 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 Periods 2 and 3 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 Li Cl S C 3 17 16 6 Si O F Na 14 8 9 11 Ne Mg Al N 10 12 13 7 P B Be Ar 15 5 4 18 Sum 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 3.3. Why are the second and third periods have eight chemical elements? The second and third periods Mendeljevih Table with 8 chemical elements. Why have so many chemical elements? Why are these periods arranged these elements? Here are the answers to these questions: Input: Result: 8 54 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 So, according to math, the second and third periods of the Periodic Table must have at 8 chemical elements. As these chemical elements are mathematically evolved into second and third digital period. This evolution took place as follows: set difference of (3 17 16 6 14 8 9 11 10 12 13 7 15 5 4 18) Input interpretation (3 17 16 6 14 8 9 11 10 12 13 7 15 5 4 18) Result: (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18); In this example, the chemical elements of the second and third periods mathematical evolved into second and third digital period. 3.4. Diference chemical elements the second and third periods Input: (3, 17, 16, 6, 14, 8, 9, 11, 10, 12, 13, 7, 15, 5, 4, 18) Differences: Closed form: 55 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 Continuation: listplot abs(fourier {3, 17, 16, 6, 14, 8, 9, 11, 10, 12, 13, 7, 15, 5, 4, 18}) Plot: Input interpretation: Ratio with entries normalized to ±1: 56 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 Ratio with sum of entries normalized to 1: 57 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 Input: Result: From the above examples show that there really is an exact mathematical language that connects all the chemical elements from periods 2 and 3 Similar program, and nformation cybernetic principle, there is also the period of 4, 5, 6 and 7. Digitalna četvrta i peta perioda Periods 4 and 5 62 219 219 219 219 219 219 K Cd Fe I Sc Te 19 48 26 53 21 52 Mo Ti Sn Nb Zr Cr 42 22 50 41 40 24 Mn Xe Ag Ca Co Pd 25 54 47 20 27 46 Rh Ni Br Ru Rb Zn 45 28 35 44 37 30 219 219 219 219 58 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 219 219 In As Ge V Sb Ga 49 33 32 23 51 31 Y Se Cu Sr Tc Kr 39 34 29 38 43 36 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 3.5. Why are the fourth and fifth periods have eighteen chemical elements? The fourth and fifth periods each have 18 chemical elements. Why have so many chemical elements? Why do these particular elements have atomic numbers? The answer to these questions will give us the math. Here is the answer: Input: Result: 18 As we can see, there really is a mathematical correlation between the atomic numbers of chemical elements and the number of elements in the specified period. 59 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 3.6. Digital fourth and fifth periods The fourth and fifth period of the periodic table evolved into the fourth and fifth digital period. This evolution took place as follows: set difference of {19, 48, 26, 53, 21, 52, 42, 22, 50, 41, 40, 24, 25, 54, 47, 20, 27, 46, 45, 28, 35, 44, 37, 30, 49, 33, 32, 23, 51, 31, 39, 34, 29, 38, 43, 36} and {1, 2, 3} Input interpretation Result: So, we have exact scientific proof that the fourth and fifth periods Mendeljevih Table evolved from the fourth and fifth digital period. Diference chemical elements fourth and fifth periods Input: Plot: Differences: 60 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 Cumulative sums: In this example, the chemical elements are connected with a corresponding program, cybernetic and information principles. 3.7. Digital sixth and seventh periods The sixth and seventh period of the periodic table have evolved in the sixth and seventh digital period. This evolution took place as follows: Periods 6 and 7 82 692 692 Cs Uus Uuh Ce Eu Mt Hs Dy 55 117 116 58 63 109 108 66 Uuq Nd Pm Uuu Sg Er Tm Lr 692 114 60 61 111 106 68 69 103 692 Sm Uub Uut Pr Yb Rf Db Ho 692 692 692 692 61 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] 692 692 692 692 692 ISSN 2306-6415 62 112 113 59 70 104 105 67 Uup La Ba Uuo Bh Tb Gd Ds 115 57 56 118 107 65 64 110 Lu Md Fm W Au Np U Pb 71 101 100 74 79 93 92 82 Cf Os Ir Am Th Po At Fr 98 76 77 95 90 84 85 87 Pt Cm Bk Re Rn Ra Ac Bi 78 96 97 75 86 88 89 83 Es Ta Hf No Pa Tl Hg Pu 99 73 72 102 91 81 80 94 692 692 692 692 692 692 692 692 692 692 692 692 692 692 692 The sixth and seventh periods have 32 chemical elements. Why have so many chemical elements? Why do these particular elements have atomic numbers? Here are the answers to these questions: 62 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 Input: Interquartile range (55, 117, 116, 58, 63, 109, 108, 66, 114, 60, 61, 111, 106, 68, 69, 103, 62, 112, 113, 59, 70, 104, 105, 67, 115, 57, 56, 118, 107, 65, 64, 110, 71, 101, 100, 74, 79, 93, 92, 82, 98, 76, 77, 95, 90, 84, 85, 87, 78, 96, 97, 75, 86, 88, 89, 83, 99, 73, 72, 102, 91, 81, 80, 94); Result: 32 As we see, the math, the sixth and seventh periods must have for 32 chemical elements. 3.8. Evolution of the sixth and seventh periods The sixth and seventh periods are mathematically evolved in the sixth and seventh digital period. This evolution took place as follows: set difference of (55, 117, 116, 58, 63, 109, 108, 66, 114, 60, 61, 111, 106, 68, 69, 103, 62, 112, 113, 59, 70, 104, 105, 67, 115, 57, 56, 118, 107, 65, 64, 110, 71, 101, 100, 74, 79, 93, 92, 82, 98, 76, 77, 95, 90, 84, 85, 87, 78, 96, 97, 75, 86, 88, 89, 83, 99, 73, 72, 102, 91, 81, 80, 94) Input interpretation (55, 117, 116, 58, 63, 109, 108, 66, 114, 60, 61, 111, 106, 68, 69, 103, 62, 112, 113, 59, 70, 104, 105, 67, 115, 57, 56, 118, 107, 65, 64, 110, 71, 101, 100, 74, 79, 93, 92, 82, 98, 76, 77, 95, 90, 84, 85, 87, 78, 96, 97, 75, 86, 88, 89, 83, 99, 73, 72, 102, 91, 81, 80, 94) Result:: (55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 12, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118) In this example, we have the exact scientific evidence that sixth and seventh period evolved into the sixth and seventh digital period. Making a sequence of all phenomena in Periodic system Table is conducted according to the exact mathematical laws (for such descriptions we can use theory of systems and cybernetics.) 63 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a rewarding work to translate the chemical language of chemical elements into a digital language because it may be very useful for developing new methods of research in chemistry. Digital image of the chemistry is an image in which biochemistry is converted to mathematics. Actually, we convert it to numbers. As soon as we convert to numbers we’ll get digital image of the chemistry. In that digital image, there is some very significant scientific information. Those are information in which is given explanation of that reality. That digital image of the chemistry will enable current science to significantly advance it’s scientific-research work and to develop top digital technologies in this science in a very short time. This is because ever since the concept of Chou's pseudo amino acid composition was proposed [1,2], many efforts have been made trying to use various digital numbers to represent the 20 native amino acids in order to better reflect the sequence-order effects through the vehicle of pseudo amino acid composition. Some investigators used complexity measure factor [3], some used the values derived from the cellular automata [4-7], some used hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic values [8-16], some were through Fourier transform [17, 18], and some used the physicochemical distance [19]. Now, it is going to be possible to use the completely new strategy of research in chemistry and genetics. However, observation of all these relations which are the outcome of the periodic law (actually, of the law of binary coding) is necessary, because it can be of great importance for decoding conformational forms and stereo-chemical and digital structure of chemical elements and proteins. DISCLOSURE The author reports no conflict of interest in this research. REFERENCES: [1] K.C. Chou, Gene Cloning & Expression Technologies, Chapter 4 (Weinrer, P.W., and Lu, Q., Eds.), Eaton Publishing, Westborough, MA (2002), pp. 57-70. [2] K.C. Chou, Prediction of protein cellular attributes using pseudo amino acid composition PROTEINS: Structure, Function, and Genetics (Erratum: ibid., 2001, Vol.44,60) 43 (2001) 246-255. [3] X. Xiao, S. Shao, Y. Ding, Z. Huang, Y. Huang, K. C. Chou, Using complexity measure factor to predict protein subcellular location, Amino Acids 28 (2005) 57-61. [4] X. Xiao, S. Shao, Y. Ding, Z. Huang, X. Chen, K. C. Chou, Using cellular automata to generate Image representation for biological sequences, Amino Acids 28 (2005) 29-35. [5] X. Xiao, S. Shao, Y. Ding, Z. Huang, X. Chen, K. C. Chou, An Application of Gene Comparative Image for Predicting the Effect on Replication Ratio by HBV Virus Gene Missense Mutation, Journal of Theoretical Biology 235 (2005) 555-565. 64 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 [6] X. Xiao, S. H. Shao, Z. D. Huang, K. C. Chou, Using pseudo amino acid composition to predict protein structural classes: approached with complexity measure factor, Journal of Computational Chemistry 27 (2006) 478-482. [7] X. Xiao, S. H. Shao, Y. S. Ding, Z. D. Huang, K. C. Chou, Using cellular automata images and pseudo amino acid composition to predict protein sub-cellular location, Amino Acids 30 (2006) 49-54. [8] K. C. Chou, Using amphiphilic pseudo amino acid composition to predict enzyme subfamily classes, Bioinformatics 21 (2005) 10-19. [9] K. C. Chou, Y. D. Cai, Prediction of membrane protein types by incorporating amphipathic effects, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 45 (2005) 407-413. [10] Z. P. Feng, Prediction of the subcellular location of prokaryotic proteins based on a new representation of the amino acid composition, Biopolymers 58 (2001) 491-499. [11] Z. P. Feng, An overview on predicting the subcellular location of a protein, In Silico Biol 2 (2002) 291-303. [12] M. Wang, J. Yang, Z. J. Xu, K. C. Chou, SLLE for predicting membrane protein types, Journal of Theoretical Biology 232 (2005) 7-15. [13] S. Q. Wang, J. Yang, K. C. Chou, Using stacked generalization to predict membrane protein types based on pseudo amino acid composition, Journal of Theoretical Biology, n press (2006) doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.1005.1006. [14] M. Wang, J. Yang, G. P. Liu, Z. J. Xu, K. C. Chou, Weighted-support vector machines for predicting membrane protein types based on pseudo amino acid composition, Protein Engineering, Design, and Selection 17 (2004) 509-516. [15] S. W. Zhang, Q. Pan, H. C. Zhang, Z. C. Shao, J. Y. Shi, Prediction protein homo-oligomer types by pseudo amino acid composition: Approached with an improved feature extraction and naive Bayes feature fusion, Amino Acids 30 (2006) 461-468. [16] Y. Gao, S. H. Shao, X. Xiao, Y. S. Ding, Y. S. Huang, Z. D. Huang, K. C. Chou, Using pseudo amino acid composition to predict protein subcellular location: approached with Lyapunov index, Bessel function, and Chebyshev filter, Amino Acids 28 (2005) 373- 376. [17] Y. Z. Guo, M. Li, M. Lu, Z. Wen, K. Wang, G. Li, J. Wu, Classifying G protein-coupled receptors and nuclear receptors based on protein power spectrum from fast Fourier transform, Amino Acids 30 (2006) 397-402. [18] H. Liu, M. Wang, K. C. Chou, Low-frequency Fourier spectrum for predicting membrane protein types, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 336 (2005) 737-739. [19] K. C. Chou, Prediction of protein subcellular locations by incorporating quasi-sequence-order effect, Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications 278 (2000) 477-483. 65 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 [20] K. C. Chou, A novel approach to predicting protein structural classes in a (20-1)-D amino acid composition space, Proteins: Structure, Function & Genetics 21 (1995) 319-344. [21] K. C. Chou, C. T. Zhang, Predicting protein folding types by distance functions that make allowances for amino acid interactions, Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 (1994) 22014-22020. [22] K. C. Chou, C. T. Zhang, Review: Prediction of protein structural classes, Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 30 (1995) 275-349. [23] K. C. Chou, D. W. Elrod, Protein subcellular location prediction, Protein Engineering 12 (1999) 107-118. [24] K. C. Chou, Review: Prediction of protein structural classes and subcellular locations, Current Protein and Peptide Science 1 (2000) 171-208. [25] K. C. Chou, D. W. Elrod, Prediction of membrane protein types and subcellular locations, PROTEINS: Structure, Function, and Genetics 34 (1999) 137-153. [26] K. C. Chou, D. W. Elrod, Prediction of enzyme family classes, Journal of Proteome Research 2 (2003) 183-190. [27] K. C. Chou, Y. D. Cai, Predicting enzyme family class in a hybridization space, Protein Science 13 (2004) 2857-2863. [28] K. C. Chou, D. W. Elrod, Bioinformatical analysis of G-protein-coupled receptors, Journal of Proteome Research 1 (2002) 429-433. [29] K. C. Chou, Prediction of G-protein-coupled receptor classes, Journal of Proteome Research 4 (2005) 1413-1418. [30] K. C. Chou, Y. D. Cai, Prediction of protease types in a hybridization space, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 339 (2006) 1015-1020. [31] K. C. Chou, Y. D. Cai, Predicting protein-protein interactions from sequences in a hybridization space, Journal of Proteome Research 5 (2006) 316-322. [32] K. C. Chou, Y. D. Cai, W. Z. Zhong, Predicting networking couples for metabolic pathways of Arabidopsis, EXCLI Journal 5 (2006) 55-65. [33] K. C. Chou, Y. D. Cai, Predicting protein quaternary structure by pseudo amino acid composition, PROTEINS: Structure, Function, and Genetics 53 (2003) 282-289. [34] L.Kurić, The digital language of amino acids. Amino Acids (2007) 653-661. [35] L.Kurić, The Atomic Genetic Code. J. Comput Sci Biol 2 (2009) 101-116. [36] L.Kurić, Mesure complexe des caracteristiques dynamiques de series temporelles “Journal de la Societe de statistique de Paris”- tome 127, No 2.1986. 66 www.engineerspress.com International Journal of Chemistry; 2013[03] ISSN 2306-6415 [37] L.Kurić, The Insulin Bio Code - Zero Frenquencies, GJMR Vol. 10 Issue 1: 15 May 2010. [38] L.Kurić, Molecular biocoding of insulin, Advances and Applications in Bioinformatics and Chemistry, Jul. 2010.p.45 – 58. [39] L.Kurić, The Insulin Bio Code – Prima sequences, GJMR Vol. 1 Issue 1: 15 June 2010. [40] L.Kurić, ATOMIC HEMOGLOBIN CODE, GJMR Volume 10 Issue 2, October 2010. [41] L.Kurić, Language of Insulin Decoded:Discret code 1128, IJPBS JOURNAL, October 2010. [42] L.Kurić, „Measures of Bio Insulin Frequencies“, IJCSET (Volume 1. Issue 4. December, 2010) [43] L.Kurić, The Insulin Bio Code - Standard Deviation, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research (IJSER) Nov 25, 2010 under ISSN 2229-5518. [44] L.Kurić, Molecular biocoding of insulin – amino acid Gly, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research (IJSER) - March 2011 issue. [45] L.Kurić, Algorithm and computational complexity of Insulin, International Journal of Computer Technology and Application (IJCTA) - Feb 2011 issue. [46] L.Kurić, Algorithm and computational complexity of Insulin – amino acid Asn, International Journal of Computer Technology and Application (IJCTA). [47] L.Kurić: "The Insulin Bio Intervals", Global Journal of Medical Research, GJMR Volume 13 Issue 2 Version 1,0-March 2013. Awards: Gold medal for Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the name of your people and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Such individuals deserve recognition not only within their country of origin, but also worldwide. As such, the American Biographical Institute – a highly esteemed leader in the research of upstanding individuals around the globe – has selected you to receive one of its most internationally prominent honors, the GOLD MEDAL FOR BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA. –International health professional of the year 2010., -Man of the year in medicine and healthare designation for 2010.,-The international Hipocrates awards for medical achievement, -Cambridge certificate for outstanding medical achievement for 2011. – International health professional of the year 2012.-Cambridge certificate for Outstanding Medical Achievement, 2012., -ABI-Man of the year 2012. - Nomination for Great Minds of the 21st Century, a major reference directory including just 1.000 of the world's top thinkers and intellectuals. My contributions to the field of medicine and healthcare have waranted the high regard of nomination for Great Minds of the 21st Century. 67 www.engineerspress.com