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Plants
Plants
TERRESTRIAL
eukaryotes
multicellular
photosynthetic
lifecycles with alternation of generations
cell walls contain cellulose
chloroplasts use chlorophyll a and b
Learning Outcomes
Explain characteristics of the major groups of plants.
Describe adaptations to terrestrial environment
in major plant groups.
Draw/Explain lifecycles - alternation of generations in each group of plants.
Explain the advantages of vascular tissue.
Explain the advantages of seeds.
LAND PLANTS
VASCULAR PLANTS
Angiosperms
360-300
MYA
400-375
MYA
420-410
MYA
Gymnosperms
Ferns
Club mosses
Mosses
Hornworts
Liverworts
Charophyta
SEED PLANTS
140-120
MYA
Major Plant Groups
show increasing adaptations to terrestrial environment
Bryophytes
• No xylem or phloem
• Gametophyte
predominant
• Water required for
fertilization
• Seedless
liverworts hornworts mosses
Seedless vascular plants
• Vascular tissue present
• Sporophyte
predominant
• Water required for
fertilization
• Seedless
whisk
ferns,
club mosses, horsetails,
spike mosses ferns
ancestral alga
Gymnosperms
• Vascular tissue present
• Sporophyte
predominant
• Pollen grains; water not
required for fertilization
• “Naked” seeds
gnetophytes, ginkgos,
conifers, cycads
Angiosperms
• Vascular tissue present
• Sporophyte
predominant
• Pollen grains; water not
required for fertilization
• Seeds form in a floral
ovary that becomes a
fruit
monocots, eudicots,
and relatives
Green algae were precursors of Plants
All photosynthetic organisms were aquatic
before land plants evolved.
What types of adaptations might be needed
to survive on land?
Alternation of Generations
Alternation of Generations
sporophyte -- produces -- spores
diploid
haploid
MEIOSIS
gametophyte -- produces
haploid
gametes
haploid
MITOSIS
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
How do these plants obtain nutrients?
Why do they need water for fertilization?
Are both generations photosynthetic?
Why are bryophytes small?
Pterophytes
Pterophytes are vascular plants
Pterophytes
What are the advantages of a vascular system?
How do the gametophyte and sporophyte
compare to mosses?
Differences between rhizoids, rhizomes, and roots?
Gymnosperms
Cycads
Ginkos
Gnetophyptes
Conifers
What are the advantages of producing pollen?
What are the advantages of producing seeds?
Cycads
Ginko
Gnetophytes
Conifers
Conifers
Pollen and Ovule producing Cones
Angiosperms
Flower
Anatomy
stamen
filament anther
petal
sepal
carpel
stigma
style
ovary
ovule
(forms
within
ovary)
receptacle
Angiosperms
Angiosperms
microspores will produce male gametophyte
megaspores -will produce female gametophyte
many angiosperms have flowers that produce
both male and female gametophytes in the same flower,
but some angiosperms have separate sexes and flowers
on a given plant only produce one type of gametophyte.
Angiosperms
eudicot
monocot
Angiosperms
We can tell eudicots and monocots apart
by features of their anatomy
MONOCOTS
EUDICOTS
seeds
1 cotyledon
2 cotyledons
flower petals
multiples of 3
multiples of 4 or 5
leaves
parallel veins
branching veins
Lifecycle of Fungi
2
dikaryotic
stage
(n+n)
Fusion of nuclei
Fusion of cytoplasm
sporeproducing
structure (n)
1
Asexual
Cycle
mycelium (n)
Sexual
Cycle
3
zygote (2n)
spores (n)
Meiosis
4
spore-producing
structure (n)
4
Nuclear fusion
3
Diploid (2n) stage
Dikaryotic
Haploid (n)
(n+n) stage
stage
Meiosis
5
spore (n)
gill
cap
stalk
1
2
Cytoplasmic
fusion