Download Types of Plants

and their modern day descendants are referred to as bryophytes, non-vascular plants. These plants
include mosses, liverworts (Figure 16.1-2), and hornworts (Figure 16.1-3). Non-vascular plants lack true
roots, stems, or leaves and tend to be small, inconspicuous plants growing close to the ground.
Types of Plants
Jump to Algae
Non-Vascular Plants
F
fla
lo
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
lack specialized vascular cells to
• Major plant groups are defined by evolution of major
take adaptations
up water and minerals from the
soil.
Instead,
non-vascular plants
• Bryophytes – non-vascular plants
obtain water and minerals directly
• Lack true roots, stems, leaves
from the environment through
• Small, growing close to ground
diffusion and osmosis. This means
• Lack specialized vascular cells
that bryophytes can only live where
conditions are
• Obtain water and minerals through diffusion
andmoist.
osmosis
• Live in moist conditions
Jump to Diffusion
• Alternate between two life stages:
• Gametophyte generation – a haploid, multicellular
life stage
• Produces gametes
• Rhizoids – root-like structures which
anchor gametophyte to ground
• Antheridia – male structures, produce sperm
• Archegonia – female structures, produce eggs
• Sporophyte generation – the diploid generation in a
plant's life cycle that produces spores
Chapter 16 - Plants
• Produces spores
• Asexual reproduction
• Vegetative propagation – pieces of plant
break off and grow into new individual
Figure 16.1-1 Plants are divided based upon the evolution of
new adaptations.
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Biology 16.1 – Types of Plants
F
pr
Types of Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants
Gymnosperms
• Specialized transport tissues
• Xylem – transports water
• Phloem – transports organic material
• Roots, stems, leaves are possible
• Strobilus – cone-like structure where spores are produced
• Sori – clusters of spores in ferns
• Asexual reproduction
• Rhizomes – new horizontal stems in ferns that form
and separate from main plant to grow into new
individual
• Gymnosperms – vascular plants that use seeds
• Seed – embryo packaged with nutritive tissue inside
protective coat
• Carried by water, wind, or animals
• Conifer – a cone-bearing gymnosperm
• Evergreen – type of gymnosperm that keeps their
leaves all year
• Conifers produce two types of cones (strobili)
• Scaled woody female cones contain eggs
• Small crumbly male cones
• Made of pollen - the fine powder in seed
plants that produces sperm
Biology 16.1 – Types of Plants
Types of Plants
Angiosperms
• Angiosperms – the largest seed plant lineage and the only group
that produces flowers and fruits
• Use wind, insects, and other animals to carry pollen
• Male gametophyte produces pollen which produces sperm
• Female gametophyte
• Ovule – contains the eggs and matures into a seed after fertilization
• Flowers are reproductive organs
• Stamen – the male pollen-producing organ of a flower
• Anther – the pollen bearing part
• Filament – the fine stalk structure that
holds up the anther
• Pistil (carpel) – the female flower structure
• Stigma – catches pollen
• Style – the pillar-like stalk
• Ovary – contains ovules and eggs
• Petals – modified leaves on a flower, often
brightly colored and scented in order to
attract pollinators
• Pollination – the transfer of pollen from the anther
to the stigma in flowering plants of the same species
• Double fertilization – the process in which one
sperm cell fuses with an egg to produce a zygote
and another fuses with additional nuclei to form
the endosperm
• Endosperm – the nutritive rich tissue that provides
nourishment for the developing embryo
Biology 16.1 – Types of Plants
Types of Plants
• Ovary swells and grows into a fruit after fertilization
• Fruit – the mature ovary of a flowering plant enclosing a seed or seeds
• Often tasty to attract animals
• Seeds survive digestive system, excreted away from parent plant
Examples of group
Vascular Tissue?
Seeds?
Pollen?
Flowers and Fruits?
Dominant life stage
Ecological roles
Human uses
Bryophytes
Mosses, liverworts,
hornworts
Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns, whisk ferns, club
mosses, and horsetails
Gymnosperms
Conifers, ginkgos,
cycads
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Sporophyte
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
First species to colonize
Grow in shady, moist
surfaces during primary
areas
succession
Provide thick ground
Maintain humidity
cover beneath trees
levels in bogs and
Used as shelter and
forests
food by other organisms
Rhizoids prevent soil
runoff after rains
Bedding
Packing material
Decorations
Medicines
Fuel
Popular houseplants
Decorations
Landscape plant
Young, curled leaves
harvested for food
Horsetails used as
scouring tool
Provide food and
shelter for many
animals
Lumber
Paper
Resins for soaps
Medicinal
compounds
Christmas trees
Ginkgo biloba used
as herbal supplement
Angiosperms
80% of plant species
Provide food and shelter
Decay of angiosperms
recycles nutrients
Provide breathable
oxygen
Store carbon in their
tissues
Food
Clothing and bedding
Hardwoods for building
materials
Medicines and vitamin
supplements
Vitamin C from fruit
Aspirin from willow bark
Biology 16.1 – Types of Plants