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Pre-Scientific Roots The Unconscious Mind Structuralism Humanistic Three levels of analysis Functionalism Nature v Nurture Psychology’s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Sample Questions Perspective Focus Sample Questions How are messages Neuroscience How the body and brain enables transmitted in the body? How is blood emotions. chemistry linked with moods and motives? Psychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts. Evolutionary How the natural How does evolution selection of traits influence behavior the promotes the tendencies? perpetuation of one’s genes. How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? Behavioral How we learn observable responses. How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say lose weight or quit smoking? Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences. To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? Perspective Focus Sample Questions Cognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information. How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? Social-cultural How behavior and thinking How are we --- as Africans, vary across situations and Asians, Australian or North American – alike as members of cultures. human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? Methodology The Case Study Illusory correlations Surveys Correlation (not causation) Naturalistic Observation Perceiving order in random events Experimentation (cause and effect) Statistical Reasoning Variables Central Tendency Independent Mean Dependent Median Double blind Mode Placebo effect Measures of Variation range standard deviation Statistical significance (less than 5% odds it occurred by chance) Ethical considerations for humans Informed consent Protection from harm Confidentiality Debriefing When is deception acceptable? Ethical considerations for animals Must be treated fairly, experiment must be worthwhile Social Thinking Fundamental Attribution Error Foot in the Door Attitudes can affect actions Cognitive Dissonance Attitudes Actions affect attitudes Social Influence Conformity and Obedience Conditions that strengthen CONFORMITY OBEDIENCE Deindividuation Group influence Power of individuals Antisocial Relations Prejudice Race Gender Roots Aggression Influences Learning Conflict Social trap Prosocial Relations Attraction Romantic love Bystander Altruism Social Exchange Theory Peacemaking