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ECOLOGY
Chapter 2
Objectives:
• Explain what ecologists study.
• Determine the difference between abiotic
and biotic factors.
• List and describe the different levels of
organization.
Introduction Activity!!
Make a list of your observation from this clip!.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXjI2kuNkhE
What is Ecology?
• Ecology
– Study of relationships among living organisms and
the interaction the organisms have with their
environments
– Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a
variety of tools and methods
Abiotic vs. Biotic
Biotic Factors:
– Living factors in an organism’s environment
– Ex.
Abiotic Factors:
Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment
Ex.
*Organisms depend on and adapt to survive in the abiotic
factors present in their natural environment.*
Think-Pair-Share
• List the abiotic and biotic factors in this
environment. Try to list at least 3 each.
Levels of Organization
• Levels increase in complexity as the
numbers and interactions between
organisms increase.
–
–
–
–
–
–
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
1. Organism
• A single living thing
• Ex.
2. Population
• Several organisms of the same species
sharing space at the same time
• Ex.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljqgyJx
tdU0
3. Community
• Group of interacting organisms sharing
space at the same time
• Ex.
4. Ecosystem
• Biological Community and abiotic factors
in it
• Ex.
5. Biome
• Large group of ecosystems that share the same
climate and similar types of communities
• Ex.
6. Biosphere
• Part of Earth that supports life
Think-Pair-Share
• Come up with an analogy starting with
your favorite animal for each level of
organization.
Think-Pair-Share
• How do you think scientists study
ecology?
• Design an experiment for the following:
– A. Measure the effect of algae on a goldfish
population in Lake Erie
– B. Venus fly traps react to rising carbon
dioxide emissions in the rainforest
– C. Research what happens when a gap in
the forest is formed.
Do Now
• List the abiotic and
biotic factors in this
picture (3 of each!)
Objectives
• SWBAT differentiate between habitat and niche
• SWBAT provide examples of symbiotic,
competition, and predation relationships.
• SWBAT differentiate between commensalism,
parasitism, and mutualism.
Ecosystem Interactions
• A habitat is an area where an organism lives.
• A niche is the role or position that an organism
has in its environment.
– How it meets its needs for food, shelter, and
reproduction.
Community Interactions
• 1) Competition Occurs when more than one
organism uses a resource at the same time (ex:
prey, soil, sunlight)
– Intraspecific: competition between organisms of the
same species.
– Interspecific: competition between organisms of
different species.
Examples of Competition
• Interspecifichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38nw
Q0ydExs
• Intraspecific– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgSc-jtO5i
E&feature=related
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDhNutb
XpFE
Community Interactions
• 2) Predation: An individual of one species,
called the predator, eats all or part of an
individual of another species called the prey.
Predation
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5z6p
GrNsiM
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0rk5z
h7RaE
•
Community Interactions
3) Symbiotic Relationships: when 2 or
more organisms live together.
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
- Parasitism
Symbiosis
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL
2F1t81Q
Mutualism
*Both organisms benefit*
Commensalism
*One species benefits, the other is
unaffected*
Parasitism
*Host is harmed and the parasite benefits*
Parasitism
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMGLWyNcAs
Do Now
• Take out your packets from yesterday
• Grab a study sheet from my desk and we
will go over it
What type of symbiosis?
• Humming birds feed on nectar from flowers.
Flowers are pollinated.
What type of symbiosis?
• Snapping shrimp have poor vision and depend on their goby
fish roommate to give the danger signal when predators
come.
Goby fish who don’t have a place to hide are quickly
eaten. The find a snapping shrimp roommate who digs a
hole form them both to live.
What type of symbiosis?
• Athlete’s foot fungus lives on the skin of humans and
feeds on a protein called keratin. Humans have
itchy, cracked skin which can become infected.
What type of symbiosis?
• Snails die and leave behind their shells. Hermit
crabs find shells left by snails..
Let’s try some examples
The act of one organism consuming
another organism for food is _______.
A. predation
B. parasitism
C. commensalism
D. mutualism
Which are biotic factors in a forest
environment?
A. plants and microscopic organisms
living in the soil
B. pH and salt concentration of the soil
C. sunlight, soil type and soil nutrients
D. temperature, air currents and rainfall
What is the name for a group of interacting
populations that occupy the same area at
the same time?
A. ecosystem
B. habitat
C. biological community
D. biotic collection
Which defines habitat?
A. all of the biotic factors in an ecosystem
B. an area where an organism lives
C. an area in which various species
interact
D. the role or position that an organism has
Match the following types of
relationships to their examples
A. Commensalism 1. Hawks eat small snakes.
B .Mutualism
2. Leeches drain away your lifeblood and
leave you with a scar.
C. Predation
3. Frog sits on a lilly pad to help it reach it’s
prey. The lilly pad is not harmed.
D. Parasitism
4. The bacteria that live in tree roots create a
source of usable nitrogen for the tree and a
safe environment for the bacteria.
E. Competition
5. Several species of birds use the same
trees to nest.
Do Now
1. What do ALL food chains start with?
2. Name all predators you may find in a
food chain!
Objectives
• To explain how organisms get their
energy.
• To define the different types of autotrophs
and heterotrophs.
• To construct a food web.
Organization of Matter and Energy
• Autotrophs- make their own food
(chemosynthesis and photosynthesis)
• Heterotrophs- consume other organisms for
energy
Autotrophs are also known as
Producers
Consumers
Herbivores- eat ONLY
producers
Consumers
Carnivores- eat ONLY other
consumers
Consumers
Omnivores- consume plants and
animals
Consumers
• ScavengersFeed on dead animal and plant material
• Detritivores
Feed on the “garbage” in the ecosystem
• Decomposers
Release digestive enzymes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KI7u_pcfAQE
Scavengers
Feed on organisms that have
recently died
Decomposers
Break down complex molecules
• Make nutrients available to autotrophs
• Recyclers
Organization of Matter and Energy
• Food Chain models the energy flow through an
ecosystem.
• A food chain only follows just one path as
animals find food.
• Each step in a food chain or food web is called
a trophic level.
Food Chain – Flow of Energy
Snake
Mouse
En
er
gy
Energy
Energy
Grass
But as food is eaten,
heat is released!
t
a
e
H
Snake
t
a
He
Energy
Mouse
Energy
Grass
Food Web
• A food web – is interconnected food chains and pathways in
which energy flows through a group of organisms.
• A food web shows the many different paths plants and
animals are connected.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bW7P
lTaawfQ
Think-Pair-Share
• 1. With the person sitting next to you..
Create a food chain with at least 4
different levels.
• Must include Grass.
• 2. SWITCH partners and combine your 3
food chains to form a food web.
Conclusion Activity
Do Now
• How long are food chains?
• What is the difference between food chains and food
webs?
• What are autotrophs? Examples?
• What are heterotrophs? Examples of EACH!
• What percentage of energy is transferred between
each tropic level? What percentage of that energy is
lost? What is it lost as?
Objectives
– To explain what an ecological pyramid is and
what information it can give us.
– To understand the water cycle and it’s impact
on life.
– To determine how both carbon and nitrogen
are used and cycled.
Ecological Pyramids
Diagram that can show the relative amounts of:
energy
biomass
numbers of organisms
AT EACH TROPHIC
LEVEL!
Biomass- Total mass of living matter at each trophic level
Ecological Pyramids
• 90% of all energy is not transferred to the level above
(energy is consumed at current level)
• Biomass and # of organisms decrease at each level
Objectives
▪ To define energy.
▪ To list the different types of energy.
▪ To explain the laws of thermodynamics.
▪ To understand the general idea of
photosynthesis and respiration.
CHAPTER 8.1
ENERGY!!!!
8.1 What is energy?
▪ Energy▪ The ability to do work
▪ Thermodynamics▪ is the study of the flow and transformation of
energy in the universe.
*All cells need energy for many
Functions that they carry out
To stay alive
Types of Energy
▪ Chemical- energy found in bonds between
atoms of every molecule:
▪ Released when bonds break
▪ Glucose: Sugar that is major energy source,
used to make ATP (ENERGY!!)
•Solar Energy- Energy from Sunlight:
•Can’t be used directly:
•Plants convert solar energy to usable chemical
energy (Glucose)
Laws of Thermodynamics
▪ First law —energy can be converted from
one form to another, but it cannot be
created nor destroyed.
▪ Ex. Chemical Energy to Mechanical Energy
Laws of Thermodynamics
▪ Second law —energy cannot be converted
without the loss of usable energy.
▪ Ex. Energy Lost as Heat
Second Law continued...
▪ Entropy
▪ Measure of disorder (randomness)
▪ Measure of unusable energy
▪ Entropy always ___________.
Two types of reactions
▪ Endothermic- uses energy to make bonds
▪ H+H
H2
Energy put in
▪ Exothermic- breaks bonds and releases
energy
▪ H2
H + H
Energy Released
Metabolism
▪ Metabolism:
▪ All chemical reactions in a cell
▪ Two types of Metabolic Pathways:
▪ Catabolic: Release energy by breaking down
larger molecules
▪ Anabolic: Use energy to build larger molecules
from smaller ones
Think - Pair - Share
Of the following examples, list which ones are
catabolic and anabolic
▪ 1. Amino acids becoming polypeptide chain
▪ 2. Glucose becoming glycogen
▪ 3. Your body breaking down food
▪ 4. Fatty Acids becoming triglycerides
ATP - Adenosine Tri Phosphate
▪ Structure:
▪ Adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3
phosphate groups
ATP - Adenosine Tri Phosphate
Function:
- bond breaks between
the second and third
phosphate groups to
release energy
- Creating adenosine
diphosphate (ADP)
and a free phosphate
group.
Processes involving energy
Cellular respiration — organic molecules
are broken down to release energy for use by
the cell
Photosynthesis — light energy from the Sun
is converted to chemical energy for use by
the cell
Biogeochemical cycles
Cycles
– Biogeochemical cycle- exchange of matter through
the biosphere.
• Energy is transformed into usable forms
– Cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves:
• Matter in living organisms
• Physical processes found in the environment
What do you think?
Q: Why is it important to living organisms that
nutrients cycle?
Q: What would happen if matter bound in living
matter and never recycled?
Q: Why is it important to living organisms that
nutrients cycle?
A: Cycling makes nutrients available for other
organisms to use.
Q: What would happen if matter bound in living
matter and never recycled?
A: Nutrients would eventually be depleted and life
would cease to exist!
Water cycle
What processes are
involved?
Think back to your past
science class!
Water cycle Animations
http://www.iptv.org/exploremore/water/in_depth/interactive_version2.swf
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/
https://pmm.nasa.gov/education/videos/tour-water-cycle
Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=al-do-HGuIk
• Precipitation = Water falls from the
clouds as rain, sleet, snow, or hail
• Surface runoff and groundwater flow
into streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Evaporation - liquid turns into a gaseous state
• Water from the rivers, oceans, and lakes
evaporates into the atmosphere
• 90% evaporates from oceans, lakes and rivers.
• 10% evaporates from surface of plants
Transpiration - The process where plants
absorb water through the roots and then give off
water vapor through pores in their leaves
Water Cycle
• Water evaporates and forms into water
vapor (gas) in the atmosphere
• Condensation: Water vapor rises,
cools, and condenses into droplets,
which then makes clouds!
Water Cycle
• Precipitation runs off and can enter/ be stored as:
1. Rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.
2. Groundwater
3. Aquifer - a body of permeable rock that can
contain or transmit groundwater
4. Percolation in soil for plant uptake
- Infiltration
The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
The series of processes by which nitrogen and nitrogen
containing compounds are interconverted in the
environment and in living organisms
Nitrogen (N) – element needed to make proteins
- Can exist as a gas (N2) = 78% of atmosphere
- Bonds to make other compounds (NH3, NH4, etc)
• Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that
contain nitrogen
Nitrogen Cycle
5 Main Steps!
1.
Nitrogen fixation = Special bacteria convert the nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia
(NH3/NH4 +) , which plants can use.
2.
Nitrification = Process which converts ammonia (NH3/NH4 +) into nitrite/nitrate
ions (NO2 → NO3 ) Plants can take up nitrates and ammonia.
3.
Ammonification = Decomposers convert the nitrogen rich waste into simpler ones
( NH3)
4.
Denitrification = Bacteria convert the simple nitrogen compounds back into
nitrogen gas (N2)
5.
Assimilation = plants take up ammonia to use for nucleic acids/proteins
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways:
1. Animals die or urinate.
2. Nitrogen gas (N2) taken into soil
Nitrogen Fixation: Conversion of nitrogen from
atmosphere into ammonia
Ex. Nitrogen fixing bacteria & lightening bolts.
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrification:Organisms in the soil (nitrogen fixing
bacteria) convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds
(nitrites then nitrates). Nitrates will be used by plants.
Denitrification: takes nitrates and converts it back to
Gas (N2) into the atmosphere.
Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonification: converts nitrogen to ammonia (NH3)
- Usually comes from animal waste
- Performed by bacteria
Assimilation: Plants take up nitrogen (ammonia & nitrates)
- animals assimilate their nitrogen by eating plants
Nitrogen Fixation Animations
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NKGS4bj7cc
The Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
-
Combustion - fossil fuels in the ground and
factors emit CO2 into the air
http://thecarboncycledio.weebly.com/the-carbon-cycle-steps.html
Cellular Respiration
- Organisms take in oxygen from the air (and eat in order
to obtain glucose)
- Animals and plants (yes, plants!) give off CO2
PhotosynthEsiS
- Plants take in CO2 from the atmosphere and give off oxygen
- Fossil fuels are formed in the ground from decayed plants and
animals over a long period of time
- Crude oil, coal, natural gas, heavy oils = fossil fuels
Do Now
- How do humans influence the environment?
- Is this positive or negative?
- List some examples!
Human Impact
• Humans have influenced about 83% of
Earth’s surface:
– Does this seem like a lot or a little?
– Some areas are more vulnerable than others
why?
Human Impact
• Global population trends have an impact:
• Today’s global population approx. 7 billion people
• Year 2300=36 billion
• How will a growing population affect people’s access to
food, water, and fuel? Wildlife habitats?
Activity!
• You may work with a partner, or work
individually.
• If you finish early, you may begin on your
homework by measuring your own ecological
footprint!