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ECOLOGY Chapter 2 Objectives: • Explain what ecologists study. • Determine the difference between abiotic and biotic factors. • List and describe the different levels of organization. Introduction Activity!! Make a list of your observation from this clip!. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXjI2kuNkhE What is Ecology? • Ecology – Study of relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments – Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods Abiotic vs. Biotic Biotic Factors: – Living factors in an organism’s environment – Ex. Abiotic Factors: Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment Ex. *Organisms depend on and adapt to survive in the abiotic factors present in their natural environment.* Think-Pair-Share • List the abiotic and biotic factors in this environment. Try to list at least 3 each. Levels of Organization • Levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase. – – – – – – Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere 1. Organism • A single living thing • Ex. 2. Population • Several organisms of the same species sharing space at the same time • Ex. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljqgyJx tdU0 3. Community • Group of interacting organisms sharing space at the same time • Ex. 4. Ecosystem • Biological Community and abiotic factors in it • Ex. 5. Biome • Large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and similar types of communities • Ex. 6. Biosphere • Part of Earth that supports life Think-Pair-Share • Come up with an analogy starting with your favorite animal for each level of organization. Think-Pair-Share • How do you think scientists study ecology? • Design an experiment for the following: – A. Measure the effect of algae on a goldfish population in Lake Erie – B. Venus fly traps react to rising carbon dioxide emissions in the rainforest – C. Research what happens when a gap in the forest is formed. Do Now • List the abiotic and biotic factors in this picture (3 of each!) Objectives • SWBAT differentiate between habitat and niche • SWBAT provide examples of symbiotic, competition, and predation relationships. • SWBAT differentiate between commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism. Ecosystem Interactions • A habitat is an area where an organism lives. • A niche is the role or position that an organism has in its environment. – How it meets its needs for food, shelter, and reproduction. Community Interactions • 1) Competition Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time (ex: prey, soil, sunlight) – Intraspecific: competition between organisms of the same species. – Interspecific: competition between organisms of different species. Examples of Competition • Interspecifichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38nw Q0ydExs • Intraspecific– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgSc-jtO5i E&feature=related – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDhNutb XpFE Community Interactions • 2) Predation: An individual of one species, called the predator, eats all or part of an individual of another species called the prey. Predation • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5z6p GrNsiM • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0rk5z h7RaE • Community Interactions 3) Symbiotic Relationships: when 2 or more organisms live together. - Mutualism - Commensalism - Parasitism Symbiosis • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL 2F1t81Q Mutualism *Both organisms benefit* Commensalism *One species benefits, the other is unaffected* Parasitism *Host is harmed and the parasite benefits* Parasitism • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMGLWyNcAs Do Now • Take out your packets from yesterday • Grab a study sheet from my desk and we will go over it What type of symbiosis? • Humming birds feed on nectar from flowers. Flowers are pollinated. What type of symbiosis? • Snapping shrimp have poor vision and depend on their goby fish roommate to give the danger signal when predators come. Goby fish who don’t have a place to hide are quickly eaten. The find a snapping shrimp roommate who digs a hole form them both to live. What type of symbiosis? • Athlete’s foot fungus lives on the skin of humans and feeds on a protein called keratin. Humans have itchy, cracked skin which can become infected. What type of symbiosis? • Snails die and leave behind their shells. Hermit crabs find shells left by snails.. Let’s try some examples The act of one organism consuming another organism for food is _______. A. predation B. parasitism C. commensalism D. mutualism Which are biotic factors in a forest environment? A. plants and microscopic organisms living in the soil B. pH and salt concentration of the soil C. sunlight, soil type and soil nutrients D. temperature, air currents and rainfall What is the name for a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time? A. ecosystem B. habitat C. biological community D. biotic collection Which defines habitat? A. all of the biotic factors in an ecosystem B. an area where an organism lives C. an area in which various species interact D. the role or position that an organism has Match the following types of relationships to their examples A. Commensalism 1. Hawks eat small snakes. B .Mutualism 2. Leeches drain away your lifeblood and leave you with a scar. C. Predation 3. Frog sits on a lilly pad to help it reach it’s prey. The lilly pad is not harmed. D. Parasitism 4. The bacteria that live in tree roots create a source of usable nitrogen for the tree and a safe environment for the bacteria. E. Competition 5. Several species of birds use the same trees to nest. Do Now 1. What do ALL food chains start with? 2. Name all predators you may find in a food chain! Objectives • To explain how organisms get their energy. • To define the different types of autotrophs and heterotrophs. • To construct a food web. Organization of Matter and Energy • Autotrophs- make their own food (chemosynthesis and photosynthesis) • Heterotrophs- consume other organisms for energy Autotrophs are also known as Producers Consumers Herbivores- eat ONLY producers Consumers Carnivores- eat ONLY other consumers Consumers Omnivores- consume plants and animals Consumers • ScavengersFeed on dead animal and plant material • Detritivores Feed on the “garbage” in the ecosystem • Decomposers Release digestive enzymes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KI7u_pcfAQE Scavengers Feed on organisms that have recently died Decomposers Break down complex molecules • Make nutrients available to autotrophs • Recyclers Organization of Matter and Energy • Food Chain models the energy flow through an ecosystem. • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food. • Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level. Food Chain – Flow of Energy Snake Mouse En er gy Energy Energy Grass But as food is eaten, heat is released! t a e H Snake t a He Energy Mouse Energy Grass Food Web • A food web – is interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms. • A food web shows the many different paths plants and animals are connected. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bW7P lTaawfQ Think-Pair-Share • 1. With the person sitting next to you.. Create a food chain with at least 4 different levels. • Must include Grass. • 2. SWITCH partners and combine your 3 food chains to form a food web. Conclusion Activity Do Now • How long are food chains? • What is the difference between food chains and food webs? • What are autotrophs? Examples? • What are heterotrophs? Examples of EACH! • What percentage of energy is transferred between each tropic level? What percentage of that energy is lost? What is it lost as? Objectives – To explain what an ecological pyramid is and what information it can give us. – To understand the water cycle and it’s impact on life. – To determine how both carbon and nitrogen are used and cycled. Ecological Pyramids Diagram that can show the relative amounts of: energy biomass numbers of organisms AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL! Biomass- Total mass of living matter at each trophic level Ecological Pyramids • 90% of all energy is not transferred to the level above (energy is consumed at current level) • Biomass and # of organisms decrease at each level Objectives ▪ To define energy. ▪ To list the different types of energy. ▪ To explain the laws of thermodynamics. ▪ To understand the general idea of photosynthesis and respiration. CHAPTER 8.1 ENERGY!!!! 8.1 What is energy? ▪ Energy▪ The ability to do work ▪ Thermodynamics▪ is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe. *All cells need energy for many Functions that they carry out To stay alive Types of Energy ▪ Chemical- energy found in bonds between atoms of every molecule: ▪ Released when bonds break ▪ Glucose: Sugar that is major energy source, used to make ATP (ENERGY!!) •Solar Energy- Energy from Sunlight: •Can’t be used directly: •Plants convert solar energy to usable chemical energy (Glucose) Laws of Thermodynamics ▪ First law —energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed. ▪ Ex. Chemical Energy to Mechanical Energy Laws of Thermodynamics ▪ Second law —energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy. ▪ Ex. Energy Lost as Heat Second Law continued... ▪ Entropy ▪ Measure of disorder (randomness) ▪ Measure of unusable energy ▪ Entropy always ___________. Two types of reactions ▪ Endothermic- uses energy to make bonds ▪ H+H H2 Energy put in ▪ Exothermic- breaks bonds and releases energy ▪ H2 H + H Energy Released Metabolism ▪ Metabolism: ▪ All chemical reactions in a cell ▪ Two types of Metabolic Pathways: ▪ Catabolic: Release energy by breaking down larger molecules ▪ Anabolic: Use energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones Think - Pair - Share Of the following examples, list which ones are catabolic and anabolic ▪ 1. Amino acids becoming polypeptide chain ▪ 2. Glucose becoming glycogen ▪ 3. Your body breaking down food ▪ 4. Fatty Acids becoming triglycerides ATP - Adenosine Tri Phosphate ▪ Structure: ▪ Adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups ATP - Adenosine Tri Phosphate Function: - bond breaks between the second and third phosphate groups to release energy - Creating adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group. Processes involving energy Cellular respiration — organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell Photosynthesis — light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell Biogeochemical cycles Cycles – Biogeochemical cycle- exchange of matter through the biosphere. • Energy is transformed into usable forms – Cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves: • Matter in living organisms • Physical processes found in the environment What do you think? Q: Why is it important to living organisms that nutrients cycle? Q: What would happen if matter bound in living matter and never recycled? Q: Why is it important to living organisms that nutrients cycle? A: Cycling makes nutrients available for other organisms to use. Q: What would happen if matter bound in living matter and never recycled? A: Nutrients would eventually be depleted and life would cease to exist! Water cycle What processes are involved? Think back to your past science class! Water cycle Animations http://www.iptv.org/exploremore/water/in_depth/interactive_version2.swf http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/ https://pmm.nasa.gov/education/videos/tour-water-cycle Videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=al-do-HGuIk • Precipitation = Water falls from the clouds as rain, sleet, snow, or hail • Surface runoff and groundwater flow into streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Evaporation - liquid turns into a gaseous state • Water from the rivers, oceans, and lakes evaporates into the atmosphere • 90% evaporates from oceans, lakes and rivers. • 10% evaporates from surface of plants Transpiration - The process where plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water vapor through pores in their leaves Water Cycle • Water evaporates and forms into water vapor (gas) in the atmosphere • Condensation: Water vapor rises, cools, and condenses into droplets, which then makes clouds! Water Cycle • Precipitation runs off and can enter/ be stored as: 1. Rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. 2. Groundwater 3. Aquifer - a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater 4. Percolation in soil for plant uptake - Infiltration The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle The series of processes by which nitrogen and nitrogen containing compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms Nitrogen (N) – element needed to make proteins - Can exist as a gas (N2) = 78% of atmosphere - Bonds to make other compounds (NH3, NH4, etc) • Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen Nitrogen Cycle 5 Main Steps! 1. Nitrogen fixation = Special bacteria convert the nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3/NH4 +) , which plants can use. 2. Nitrification = Process which converts ammonia (NH3/NH4 +) into nitrite/nitrate ions (NO2 → NO3 ) Plants can take up nitrates and ammonia. 3. Ammonification = Decomposers convert the nitrogen rich waste into simpler ones ( NH3) 4. Denitrification = Bacteria convert the simple nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas (N2) 5. Assimilation = plants take up ammonia to use for nucleic acids/proteins Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways: 1. Animals die or urinate. 2. Nitrogen gas (N2) taken into soil Nitrogen Fixation: Conversion of nitrogen from atmosphere into ammonia Ex. Nitrogen fixing bacteria & lightening bolts. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrification:Organisms in the soil (nitrogen fixing bacteria) convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds (nitrites then nitrates). Nitrates will be used by plants. Denitrification: takes nitrates and converts it back to Gas (N2) into the atmosphere. Nitrogen Cycle Ammonification: converts nitrogen to ammonia (NH3) - Usually comes from animal waste - Performed by bacteria Assimilation: Plants take up nitrogen (ammonia & nitrates) - animals assimilate their nitrogen by eating plants Nitrogen Fixation Animations http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NKGS4bj7cc The Carbon Cycle The Carbon Cycle - Combustion - fossil fuels in the ground and factors emit CO2 into the air http://thecarboncycledio.weebly.com/the-carbon-cycle-steps.html Cellular Respiration - Organisms take in oxygen from the air (and eat in order to obtain glucose) - Animals and plants (yes, plants!) give off CO2 PhotosynthEsiS - Plants take in CO2 from the atmosphere and give off oxygen - Fossil fuels are formed in the ground from decayed plants and animals over a long period of time - Crude oil, coal, natural gas, heavy oils = fossil fuels Do Now - How do humans influence the environment? - Is this positive or negative? - List some examples! Human Impact • Humans have influenced about 83% of Earth’s surface: – Does this seem like a lot or a little? – Some areas are more vulnerable than others why? Human Impact • Global population trends have an impact: • Today’s global population approx. 7 billion people • Year 2300=36 billion • How will a growing population affect people’s access to food, water, and fuel? Wildlife habitats? Activity! • You may work with a partner, or work individually. • If you finish early, you may begin on your homework by measuring your own ecological footprint!