Download • behavior modification • biofeedback • neurofeedback • latent

AP Psychology
Unit 7 Organizer
Learning (7-9%)
Assessment Date: _________________________________
OBJECTIVES:
 distinguish general differences between principles of classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, and observational learning
 describe basic classical conditioning phenomena, such as acquisition,
extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, and
higher-order learning
 predict the effects of operant conditioning (positive reinforcement,
negative reinforcement, punishment)
 predict how practice, schedules of reinforcement, and motivation will
influence quality of learning
 interpret graphs that exhibit the results of learning experiments
 provide examples of how biological constraints create learning predispositions
 describe the essential characteristics of insight learning, latent learning, and social learning
 apply learning principles to explain emotional learning, taste aversion, superstitious behavior, and learned
helplessness
 suggest how behavior modification, biofeedback, coping strategies, and self-control can be used to address
behavioral problems
KEY TERMS/CONCEPTS:
 learning
 reflex
 classical conditioning
 unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
 unconditioned response (UCR)
 neutral stimulus (NS)
 conditioned stimulus (CS)
 conditioned response (CR)
 stimulus generalization
 stimulus discrimination
 extinction
 spontaneous recovery
 higher order conditioning
 conditioned emotional response (CER)
 vicarious conditioning
 conditioned taste aversion
 operant conditioning
 law of effect
 operant
 reinforcement
 Skinner Box (operant chamber) {not bold word}
 reinforcement
 primary reinforcer
Major People
 Albert Bandura
 John Garcia
 Ivan Pavlov
 Robert Rescorla
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secondary reinforcer (conditioned reinforcer)
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
partial reinforcement effect
continuous reinforcement
fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
variable interval schedule of reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
punishment
positive punishment (punishment by application)
negative punishment (punishment by removal)
discriminative stimulus
shaping
behavior modification
biofeedback
neurofeedback
latent learning
learned helplessness
observational learning
learning/performance distinction
B.F. Skinner
Edward Thorndike
Edward Tolman
John B. Watson
Essential Understanding:
1. Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior based on
experience.
2. Classical conditioning involves the pairing of one stimulus with
another, so that eventually the first neutral stimulus will evoke a reflex.
3. Classical conditioning is associated with Pavlov and Watson. Operant
conditioning is associated with Skinner.
4. According to operant conditioning, the consequences of a behavior
will be performed again.
5. Reinforcements are used to increase the likelihood a behavior will be
repeated.
6. Punishments are used to decrease the likelihood a behavior will be repeated.
Comprehension Questions Chapter 5 (Learning)
As you read pages 180-223, stop and check your understanding of the material and apply your knowledge of psychology
to answer the following questions. You will answer these questions on a separate sheet of loose-leaf. Please put a
proper heading on your paper.
1. Describe Pavlov’s pioneering research on classical conditioning (CC).
2. How do you create a conditioned response (CR)?
3. Think about stimulus generalization and discrimination. Predict what would be the adaptive significance of both
of these responses.
4. Explain the key factor in producing extinction of a CR.
5. How does higher-order conditioning differ from classical conditioning with respect to response strength?
6. How does classical conditioning explain fear acquisition? Use your understanding of Watson’s “Little Albert”
experiment to help formulate your answer.
7. Biological preparedness is a concept that states virtually every organism is biologically predisposed to create
certain associations between certain stimuli. How do learned taste aversions illustrate the concept of
preparedness?
8. In slasher movies, sexually arousing images of women are sometimes paired with violence against women.
Based on classical conditioning principles, what might be an effect of this pairing?
9. What evidence led Thorndike to propose the “law of effect”?
10. What is operant conditioning, and how is operant behavior reinforced and shaped?
11. Identify the primary differences between classical conditioning (CC) and operant conditioning (OC).
12. Create a table that summarizes the four major schedules of partial reinforcement and their effects on behavior.
13. Are variable or fixed schedules more resistant to extinction? Why? [You may need to read through the end of
the section to get this.]
14. Compare negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, and punishment.
15. How does punishment affect behavior? How can punishment be effective?
16. What evidence led Brelands to propose the concept of instinctive drift?
17. How can behavioral techniques be used to modify involuntary biological responses?
18. How do the concepts of “insight” and “latent learning” challenge the behavioral view of learning?
19. How does a perceived lack of control affect people’s behavior and health? Discuss Seligman’s research on
learned helplessness.
20. Explain how Bandura’s experiment illustrates observational learning.
21. Prosocial behavior is positive, constructive, helpful behavior. How can observational learning promote prosocial
behavior?
22. Jason’s parents and older friends all smoke, but they advise him not to. Juan’s parents and friends don’t smoke,
but they say nothing to deter him from doing so. Will Jason or Juan be more likely to start smoking?