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Classical Conditioning • Ivan Pavlov • Studied Digestion of Dogs. • Dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…) • Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate. Classical Conditioning • This is passive learning (automatic…learner does NOT have to think). • First thing you need is a unconditional relationship. • Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)something that elicits a natural, reflexive response. • Unconditional Response (UCR)response to the UCS. Classical Conditioning • Next you find a neutral stimulus (something that by itself elicits no response). • You present the stimulus with the UCS a whole bunch of times. Classical Conditioning • After a while, the body begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS. • Acquisition Classical Conditioning • We know learning takes places when the previously neutral stimulus elicits a response. • At this point the neutral stimulus is called the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditional response becomes the conditioned response (CR). Classical Conditioning • TRICKY FACT: We know learning exists because the CS is linked to the UCS. • This is called ACQUISITION. • Acquisition does not last forever. • The moment the CS is no longer associated with the UCS, we have EXTINCTION. Timing Matters • Delayed Conditioning: present CS, while CS is still there, present UCS. • Trace Conditioning: present CS, short break, then present UCS. • Simultaneous Conditioning: CS and UCS are presented at the same time. • Backward Conditioning: UCS is presented, then CS is presented. Spontaneous Recovery • Sometimes, after extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented. Other Key Terms • Generalization • Something is so similar to the CS that you get a CR. • Discrimination • Something so different to the CS so you do not get a CR. • Spontaneous Recovery • Sometimes, after extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented. Classical Conditioning and Humans • John Watson brought Classical Conditioning to psychology with his Baby Albert experiment. This type of Classical Conditioning is also known as Aversive Conditioning. Learned Taste Aversions • When it comes to food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredible strong. • Even when food and sickness are hours apart. • Food must be salient (noticeable.) Garcia and Koelling Study • Studied rats and how they make associations. • Some associations seem to be adaptive. CS UCS Learned Response Loud Noise Shock Fear Loud Noise Radiation (nausea) Nothing Sweet Water Shock Nothing Sweet Water Radiation (nausea) Avoid Water B.F. Skinner • The Mac Daddy of Operant Conditioning. • Nurture guy through and through. • Used a Skinner Box (Operant Conditioning Chamber) to prove his concepts. Skinner Box Reinforces • A reinforcer is anything the INCREASES a behavior. Positive Reinforcement: • The addition of something pleasant. Negative Reinforcement: • The removal of something unpleasant. • Two types of NR • Escape Learning • Avoidance Learning (Getting kicked out of class versus cutting class) Punishment Meant to decrease a behavior. Positive Punishment • Addition of something unpleasant. Negative Punishment (Omission Training) • Removal of something pleasant. Punishment works best when it is immediately done after behavior and if it is harsh! How do we actually use Operant Conditioning? Do we wait for the subject to deliver the desired behavior? Sometimes, we use a process called shaping. Shaping is reinforcing small steps on the way to the desired behavior.