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Classical Conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov
• Studied Digestion of Dogs.
• Dogs would salivate before they were given
food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…)
• Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate.
Classical Conditioning
• This is passive learning
(automatic…learner does NOT
have to think).
• First thing you need is a
unconditional relationship.
• Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)something that elicits a natural,
reflexive response.
• Unconditional Response (UCR)response to the UCS.
Classical Conditioning
• Next you find a neutral stimulus (something
that by itself elicits no response).
• You present the stimulus with the UCS a
whole bunch of times.
Classical Conditioning
• After a while, the body begins to link
together the neutral stimulus with the
UCS.
• Acquisition
Classical Conditioning
• We know learning takes places when the
previously neutral stimulus elicits a
response.
• At this point the neutral stimulus is called
the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the
unconditional response becomes the
conditioned response (CR).
Classical Conditioning
• TRICKY FACT: We know learning exists
because the CS is linked to the UCS.
• This is called ACQUISITION.
• Acquisition does not last forever.
• The moment the CS is no longer associated
with the UCS, we have EXTINCTION.
Timing Matters
• Delayed Conditioning: present CS, while CS is
still there, present UCS.
• Trace Conditioning: present CS, short break,
then present UCS.
• Simultaneous Conditioning: CS and UCS are
presented at the same time.
• Backward Conditioning: UCS is presented, then
CS is presented.
Spontaneous Recovery
• Sometimes, after extinction, the CR
still randomly appears after the CS is
presented.
Other Key Terms
• Generalization
• Something is so similar to the CS that you get a
CR.
• Discrimination
• Something so different to the CS so you do not
get a CR.
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Sometimes, after extinction, the CR still
randomly appears after the CS is presented.
Classical Conditioning and Humans
• John Watson brought Classical Conditioning to
psychology with his Baby Albert experiment.
This type of Classical Conditioning is also known as Aversive Conditioning.
Learned Taste Aversions
• When it comes to
food being paired
with sickness, the
conditioning is
incredible strong.
• Even when food and
sickness are hours
apart.
• Food must be salient
(noticeable.)
Garcia and Koelling Study
• Studied rats and how they make
associations.
• Some associations seem to be adaptive.
CS
UCS
Learned Response
Loud Noise
Shock
Fear
Loud Noise
Radiation (nausea)
Nothing
Sweet Water
Shock
Nothing
Sweet Water
Radiation (nausea)
Avoid Water
B.F. Skinner
• The Mac Daddy of
Operant
Conditioning.
• Nurture guy through
and through.
• Used a Skinner Box
(Operant
Conditioning
Chamber) to prove
his concepts.
Skinner Box
Reinforces
• A reinforcer is anything the INCREASES a
behavior.
Positive Reinforcement:
• The addition of something pleasant.
Negative Reinforcement:
• The removal of something unpleasant.
• Two types of NR
• Escape Learning
• Avoidance Learning
(Getting kicked out of class versus cutting class)
Punishment
Meant to decrease a
behavior.
Positive Punishment
• Addition of something
unpleasant.
Negative Punishment
(Omission Training)
• Removal of something
pleasant.
Punishment works best
when it is immediately
done after behavior
and if it is harsh!
How do we actually use Operant
Conditioning?
Do we wait for the subject to deliver the
desired behavior?
Sometimes, we use a process called shaping.
Shaping is reinforcing small steps on the
way to the desired behavior.