Download LIVING ENVIRONMENT SUMMER PACKET Ecology

International Leadership Charter High School
LIVING ENVIRONMENT SUMMER PACKET
Name_________________________________________
Ecology
1) Organisms with similar needs may compete with one another for resources, including
a. ___________________________________
b. ___________________________________
c. ___________________________________
d. ___________________________________
2) In any particular environment, the growth and survival of organisms depend on the
physical conditions including
a. ___________________________________
b. ___________________________________
c. ___________________________________
d. ___________________________________
e. ___________________________________
3) Physical or non-living factors such as these which influence living things are
called________________________________________________________
4) Living factors which influence living things are called______________________
5) Energy flows through ecosystems in ______________________direction, typically from
the ___________________________________, through photosynthetic organisms or
___________________________________, to ___________________________________
to carnivores and decomposers.
6) At each link in a food web, some energy is stored in newly made structures but much
energy is lost into the environment as _____________________________. Continual input
of energy from ___________________________________ is required to keep this process
going. ___________________________________ are often used to show the flow of
energy in ecosystems.
7) What is the definition of Carrying Capacity?
8) The carrying capacity of an environment is limited by the available:
a. ___________________________________
b. ___________________________________
c. ___________________________________
d. ___________________________________
e. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
9) “Living organisms have the capacity to produce populations of unlimited size, but available
resources in their environments are finite”. What does this statement mean in your own
words.
10) Organisms interactions may be competitive or beneficial. Explain the following
relationships:
a. Producer/consumer
b. Predator/prey
c. Parasite/host
11) What is Biodiveristy?
12) Biodiversity increases the ___________________________________. Biodiversity also
ensures the availability of diverse _____________________that may lead to future
discoveries with significant value to humans. As diversity is lost, potential sources of these
materials for these discoveries may be lost with it.
13) The environment may be changed greatly through the activities of organisms, including
humans, or when ________________________________________.
14) Although sometimes these changes occur quickly, in most cases species gradually replace
others, resulting in long term changes in ecosystems.
These changes in an ecosystem over
time are called ____________________________________.
15) What are some Abiotic Factors?
a. ___________________________________
b. ___________________________________
c. ___________________________________
d. ___________________________________
e. ___________________________________
f. ___________________________________
g. ___________________________________
16) What are limiting factors?
17) What are some biotic factors?
a. ___________________________________
b. ___________________________________
c. ___________________________________
18) How is an environments carrying capacity related to abiotic and biotic factors?
19) Give examples and explanations of the following “niches”:
a. Autotrophs or producer organisms
b. Herbivores or primary consumers
c. Carnivores are secondary consumers
d. Omnivores
e. Heterotrophic organisms
20) What does a food chain illustrate?
21) How are food chains and food webs different? Similar?
22) What is an Energy Pyramid?
23) Each step of an energy pyramid shows that some energy is _________________
________________________________________ of the organism which eats the preceding
one. The pyramid also shows that much of the energy is ___________ when one organism
in a food chain eats another
24) What is Biomass?
25) Look at the diagram of the water cycle. Explain how water is cycled and recycled within
our environment. Be sure to use all the terms and explain what each term means.
26) Look at the diagram of the Carbon-Oxygen cycle. Explain how CO2 & O2 is cycled and
recycled within our environment. Be sure to use all the terms and explain what each term
means as well as giving examples of which organisms consume and produce which gases.
27) A __________________________________is any organism capable of making its own
food, usually sugars by photosynthesis.
28) A __________________________________is any organism which eats another organism
29) A __________________________________is a consumer which eats primarily plant
material
30) A __________________________________consumes primarily animal material
31) An __________________________________eats both plant and animal matter
32) A __________________________________is a type of carnivore that kills its food. The
organism the it feeds upon is called its ________________________.
33) __________________________________feed upon organisms that other organisms have
killed
34) Close living associations are called __________________________________
relationships. Examples of these relationships are:
a. ___________________________________
b. ___________________________________
c. ___________________________________
35) __________________________________organisms use the energy of dead organisms for
food and break them down into materials which can be recycled for use by other organisms
36) As a result of evolutionary processes, there is a diversity of organisms and a diversity of
roles in ecosystems. __________________________________refers to the differences in
living things in an ecosystem.
37) What are some examples of human influences on biodiversity?
38) What are some uses of biodiversity? What could happen if biodiversity is lost?
39) The gradual long term changes in altered ecosystems are called
____________________________________________________. Ecosystems tend to
change with time until a stable system is formed.
40) __________________________________are the first organisms to reoccupy an area which
has been disturbed by a disruption. Typical pioneers include grasses in a plowed field or
__________________________________on rocks.
41) This final stable community is called a __________________________________.
Evolution
1) What is Evolution?
2) What is Natural Selection the result of?
3) One source of the variation driving the process of evolution is _______________.
4) What are variations?
5) The degree of kinship between organisms or species can be estimated from the similarity of
their ________________________________________________.
6) List and describe the key points in the Theory of Natural Selection:
7) Define Adaptation.
8) Give three modern examples of Natural Selection.
9) What is Extinction and what information can we get from the fossil record?
10) What is a fossil?
11) Explain what a common ancestor is in your own words.
12) What is Biological Classification based on?
13) Explain what a species is.
14) What causes mutations?
15) How can mutations be passed onto future generations?
16) Besides Mutations, what are some other sources of genetic variability?
17) Evolution is the consequence of which factors?
18) The great diversity of organisms is the result of:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Natural Selection
1) The spotted touch-me-not, a flowering plant, has seed pods that burst open when touched
and forcefully eject their seeds. Why is such an adaptation favorable?
2) The diagram below illustrates the change that occurred in the frequency of phenotypes in
an insect population over 10 generations. What would a probable explanation for this
change be?
3) According to Darwin's theory of evolution, differences between species may be the result
of
4) Two nucleotide sequences found in two different species are almost exactly the same. This
suggests that these species
5) The diagram below shows undisturbed sedimentary strata at the bottom of an ocean. The
fossils found in layer B resemble the fossils found in layer A. This similarity suggests that
6) The theory that evolutionary change is slow and continuous is known as
7) The concept that species have changed over long periods of time is known as
8) The study of homologous structures in mature organisms provides evidence for the
evolutionary relationships among certain groups of organisms. Which field of study
includes this evidence of evolution?
9) The diagram below represents a section of undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock in New
York State and shows the location of fossils of several closely related species. According to
currently accepted evolutionary theory, which is the most probable assumption about
species A, B, and C?
10) Which group of organisms is believed to be among the earliest to evolve on Earth?
11) Which concept was not included in Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection?
12) According to the heterotroph hypothesis, the first life on Earth was able to
13) Darwin's theory of evolution is based on the concept of
14) The biochemical analysis of different chlorophyll pigments in plants would be most useful
in determining
15) The structural similarities between the flippers of whales and the arms of humans are used
to show that the
Mutation
1) In fruit flies with the curly wing mutation, the wings will be straight if the flies are kept at
16 degrees Celsius. The most probable explanation for this is that
2) The concept that new varieties of organisms are still evolving is best supported by the
3) A child is born with an extra chromosome in each of its cells. This condition is usually the
result of
4) Mutations can be considered as one of the raw materials of evolution because they
Variation
1) Which process is illustrated by the diagram below?
a.
2) Variations within a species are most likely the result of
3) During synapsis, chromatids in homologous pairs of chromosomes often twist around each
other, break, exchange segments, and rejoin. This process usually contributes to
4) There is a greater possibility for the evolution of a new species in organisms which
reproduce by
5) In which group would there be the greatest similarity between members in terms of
structure and function?
Homeostasis
1) Almost all life on Earth ultimately depends upon the ______________ for its energy.
2) The process of __________________________________________________ converts the
Sun's energy to sugars which living things may use as an energy source.
3) These sugars are converted to a form living things can use by a process called
_________________________________________.
4) Thousands of __________________________________________________ occur in
living things. These are aided by compounds called
_________________________________________________.
5) Enzymes and some other kinds of molecules have specific __________________ which
allow them to function.
6) _______________________________ in an organism is constantly threatened. Failure to
respond effectively can result in _________________ or
________________________________.
7) Disease is a ______________________________ of homeostasis or steady state within an
organism.
8) Many organisms, such as ___________________________,
_________________________, __________________________, and
_____________________________________ may cause disease. Disease also results
from factors which are not living organisms.
9) The ______________________________________________________________ is the
defensive reaction of the body to foreign substances or organisms.
10) The immune system also protects against some
________________________________________________________________ which may
arise in the body.
11) _______________________________________________________ or
________________________________________________________ results from the
ability of organisms to detect and respond to _____________________.
12) Feedback mechanisms are specific ways which have evolved in different living things to
respond to internal or external environmental changes and maintain homeostasis. A
___________________________________________________ is a process where the level
of one substance or activity of an organ or structure influences another substance or
structure in some manner.
13) Plants and many microorganisms use solar energy to combine the
__________________________________ molecules carbon dioxide and water into
energy-rich ____________________________ compounds such as
__________________________ and release _______________________ to the
environment.
14) What is the Equation for Photosynthesis?
15) Define Chloroplasts
16) Define Chlorophyll
17) While chlorophyll is the chief pigment responsible for photosynthesis in green plants,
many plants contain other colored pigments as well. These chlorophyll and colored
pigments may be separated according to their various chemical charges by a technique
known as ____________________________________
18) In this technique, a mixture of plant pigments is separated by placing a drop or two of
pigment on a special paper called ______________________
_______________________________________ which is dipped in a chemical allowing
the different plant pigments to move based on their _______________.
19) Draw a picture of a completed chromatography and explain what you see.
20) In all organisms, organic compounds such as glucose can be used to make other
molecules. These molecules include __________________________, __________,
_______________________, and ______________________.
21) The chemical energy stored in ________________ can be used as a source of energy for
life processes.
22) Stored energy is released when chemical bonds are broken during
_______________________________________________________ and new compounds
with lower energy bonds are formed.
23) Cells usually transfer this energy temporarily in phosphate bonds of a high-energy
compound called ______________________________.
24) What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration that forms ATP?
25) What is the chemical equation for the reaction that releases energy from ATP?
26) What does ADP stand for? How is it different than ATP?
27) Define Hydrolysis
28) Define Synthesis
29) Biochemical processes, both breakdown (hydrolysis) and synthesis, are made possible
by _________________________.
30) Enzymes and other molecules, such as _____________________________ and
______________________________, have specific shapes that influence both how they
function and how they interact with other molecules.
31) Define Catalyst
32) Describe what an enzyme is, how it is named, and what it does to chemical reactions.
33) Define substrate
34) Define active site
35) What is the “lock and key model”?
36) What are the three factors that can affect enzyme activity?
a.
b.
c.
37) Define denatured
38) Living organisms which cause disease are known as
________________________________. Some viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are
examples of living things which cause disease.
39) Other factors may be involved which contribute to or cause the body to develop disease.
Some of these factors include ______________________, exposure to
____________________________________, poor ___________________,
________________ failure or malfunction, and poor personal behavior and choices.
40) What are some poor personal behavior and health choices?
41) ____________________________________________________ describes the ability of
an organism to resist foreign organisms or invaders which enter its body.
42) The ______________________________________________________________ is
designed to protect against microscopic organisms (bacteria, viruses) and foreign
substances which enter an organism from outside its body. The immune system also
protects from many cancer cells which arise within our bodies.
43) An ____________________________________________ is any foreign substance which
invades the body of an organism, while a
__________________________________________ is a living antigen (such as viruses or
bacteria) which invade an organism.
44) Many different kinds of white blood cells exist which are able to help the body fight
foreign invaders in various ways. These various ways include:
a.
b.
c.
45) It is important to note that an antibody__________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
46) Our immune system has a memory… What does this mean?
47) Describe how a vaccination works
48) What is an auto-immune disease? What are some examples?
49) _______________________ is a viral disease which destroys the ability of the immune
system to produce antibodies, so the afflicted individual is unable to cope with infections
and cancer cells which arise within the body.
50) _________________________________ is a group of diseases resulting from gene
mutations which cause cells to divide uncontrollably. Exposure of cells to certain
chemicals and radiation appears to increase the chance of mutations and thus cancer.
51) A change in the environment is called a __________________________. A
________________________________ is the manner in which the organism reacts to the
stimulus.
52) Give an example of Temperature Regulation
53) Give an example of Blood Sugar Regulation
54) Five an example of maintenance of Homeostasis in Plants
55) What do stomates and guard cells do?
Biochemical Processes
1) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic by-product of cellular metabolism in aerobic
organisms. The reaction below occurs within the cells to prevent the accumulation of
hydrogen peroxide. In this reaction, catalase functions as an
2) What does the process of photosynthesis produce?
3) Which process provides most of the oxygen found in Earth's atmosphere?
4) In humans, which substance is produced anaerobically during strenuous activity?
5) A compound that is synthesized by both humans and geranium plants is
6) Most end-products of complete chemical digestion are described as
7) In the oxidation of glucose to water and carbon dioxide, enzymes are needed to catalyze the
8) In animals, which occurs during the synthesis of larger, more complex organic molecules
from smaller organic molecules?
9) In the process of photosynthesis, chlorophyll serves as
10) Which color light is least important to a green plant during photosynthetic activities?
11) In living plants, when does respiration occur?
12) Through the use of oxygen-18 (heavy oxygen), scientists have found that the oxygen
released during photosynthesis comes from molecules of
Disease
1) A drastic change in the metabolic rate of a human would most likely result from the
2) A malfunction of the lymph nodes would most likely interfere with the
3) The removal of the cuticle from a leaf would most likely result in an increase on the leaf's
4) Many bacteria that enter the circulatory system are engulfed and destroyed by
Feedback Mechanism
1) During a race, the body temperature of a runner increases. The runner responds by
perspiring, which lowers body temperature. This process is an example of
2) A pulse can be detected most easily in
3) Which row in the chart contains the words that best complete this statement? The (I) glands
produce (II), which are transported by the (III) system
4) In animals, enzymes and hormones are similar in that both substances
5) Bean seeds were planted and put on a sunny windowsill. As the plants grew, their stems
bent toward the window. This bending was most likely caused by an
6) A student accidentally places her hand on a tack and quickly pulls her hand away. The tack
represents
7) The diagram below represents part of the lower surface of a ben leaf. With which process is
area X most closely associated?
8) In humans, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the plasma
9) Animal activities such as metamorphosis are most directly controlled by
10) Homeostasis in living things is regulated by the action of
11) Plants bend toward a light source as a result of
Reproduction
1) Species are maintained in existence through the life spans process
of _______________________________________.
2) ______________________________________________________ produces genetically
identical offspring from a single parent cell.
3) The process of _______________________________________ is associated with asexual
reproduction and the growth and repair of cells in sexually reproducing organisms.
4) _______________________________________________________ produces offspring
that have a combination of genes inherited from two parents sex cells or gametes.
5) These gametes are produced by the process of ______________________.
6) The single cell formed by the union of egg and sperm is called a
___________________________. It contains all the information necessary for growth,
development, and eventual reproduction of the organism.
7) Both the male and female have specialized chemicals or _____________________ which
aid the process of reproduction.
8) The development of humans and other sexually reproducing organisms is a highly
regulated process involving ______________________________ and
_______________________________________.
9) Reproduction and development are subject to
______________________________________________________________.
10) The general process of ______________________, _____________________
________________________________, and __________________________ involves a
predictable series of events.
11) _______________________________________________ has medical, agricultural, and
ecological applications. This technology has also stirred ethical concerns as well, especially
where this technology applies to humans.
12) _________________________________________ reproduction is a method of
reproduction with all the genetic information coming from one parent.
13) Fill in the definitions of the following methods of Asexual Reproduction
Some Methods of Asexual Reproduction
1. binary fission:
-- the diagram of the protist at
the right is example of this
2. budding:
-- the diagram of a yeast at
the right is an example of this
3. sporulation:
-- the diagram of mold spores
being formed at the right is an
example of this
14) __________________________________________________ is the production of identical
genetic copies. All forms of asexual reproduction are variations of the cell division
process of mitosis.
15) _____________________________________ is the method used for cell division and
reproduction in cells not involved in sexual reproduction.
An Overview of the Process of Mitosis
16) How does the process of Mitosis Start?
17) What are the 2 key results of Mitosis?
18) The process of __________________________________________ reproduction involves
two parents.
19) Both parents normally contribute one _____________________________ or sex cell to the
process. This process assures that the genetic information given to the offspring will be
obtained equally from each parent.
20) What is the female sex cell called?
21) What is the male sex cell called?
22) These cells are formed in specialized reproductive structures called
____________________________________. The ____________________________ is
much smaller than the ________________, but is capable of moving on its own power
using a whip -like tail called a flagellum.
23) The sperm and egg unite in a process called _____________________________. This
process forms a single celled structure called a ________________________ which
contains the complete genetic information to develop into a complete new organism having
characteristics of _______________________________ parent(s).
24) This zygote will then divide by mitosis and form the specialized cells, tissues, and organs
of the organism. This development of specialized structures from the zygote is called
__________________________________________.
25) The process of ____________________________ produces gametes or sex cells.
26) What are several key differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?
27) Another important way that meiosis differs from mitosis is the exchange of
chromosome pieces which occurs in the first division of this process. This exchange of
chromosome pieces is called ______________________________. This assures that the
cells produced as a result of meiosis will be different from and exhibit
__________________________________________________ from the parent cell that
produced them. This process is chiefly responsible for the variations seen in members of
the same species of sexually reproducing organisms. These variations are the driving
force for the process of
_________________________________________________________________.
28) The fertilization which occurs in the water in this case outside the body of the organism is
called ____________________________________. These young organisms then develop
outside the mother in the water once this has occurred, which is called
____________________________________________.
29) List a disadvantage of the process listed in #28 and give an example of the types of
organisms that use this method.
30) _____________________________________________________ engage use the process
of internal fertilization to fertilize their eggs.
31) Describe the process of Internal Fertilization.
32) Where do the fertilized eggs then develop?
33) Where do the organisms that reproduce by internal fertilization tend to live?
34) Explain what Internal Fertilization and Internal Development mean. Who does this?
35)
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System Structures
1. testes -2. scrotum -3. vas deferens -4. prostate gland –
5. urethra -6. penis –
36) Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System Structures
1. ovary –
2. oviduct (fallopian tube) --
3. uterus –
4. vagina or birth canal --
37) Human reproduction and development are influenced by factors such as gene expression,
hormones, and the environment. The reproductive cycle in both males and females is
regulated by several different hormones. Some of these hormones include:
testosterone --
estrogen --
progesterone --
produced by yellow tissue called ______________________________ in the
empty ovarian __________________________________ (place in ovary
producing and releasing the egg) -- this hormone maintains the thickness of the
uterus lining in case fertilization occurs and development of a
_____________________________________ occurs.
38) The _________________________________________________________, which is a
fertilized egg consisting of one cell, will begin to divide rapidly by mitosis forming the
early developing human embryo.
39) ___________________________________ and the initial stages of this mitotic cell
division occur in the ___________________________. The early embryo is migrates
down the fallopian tube and completes most of its development in the wall of the
__________________________________________.
40) Mark which of these stages occurs in the oviduct/fallopian tube and which occurs in the
uterus after implantation.
Fertilization and Initial Development of the Embryo
The embryo will eventually develop into a three cell layered structure. This structure is called a
gastrula and will eventually _____________________________ to form the specialized cells.
Differentiation means that the cells will develop specific jobs and develop into specific tissues in
the maturing organism. An example of this is that the outer cell layer of the developing gastrula
will develop into the skin and nervous system of a mature human organisms. Most
_________________________ animals undergo a similar pattern of development and
differentiation.
41) List what each of these structures in the diagram does.
Fetal Development in the Uterus
42) The human embryo is usually referred to as a ___________________________ when
human like features become visible in its structure.
43) All organs and body features are developed by the end of the ______ month.
44) During the last _________ months of pregnancy, organs and features develop well enough
to function after birth.
45) The embryo (or fetus) may encounter risks from faults in its ____________ and from its
mother's exposure to environmental factors such as ____________ diet, use of
______________________, ________________________, _____________, other toxins,
or _____________________________.
46) Define Aging: