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Tools of Algebra (Review of Pre-Algebra) What you will learn: CA Algebra Standard 1.0: Identify and use the arithmetic ____________________ of ___________________ and rational, irrational, and real numbers, including closure properties for the four basic arithmetic _______________________ where applicable. CA Algebra Standard 2.0: Understand and use such operations as taking the ______________________ and finding the _________________________. CA Algebra Standard 25.0 Use properties of the number system to judge the validity of results, to _________________ each step of a procedure, and to _____________ or ____________________ statements. 1 Using Variables . Vocabulary Variable- A variable is a _______________, usually a ______________, that represents one or more numbers. Algebraic Expressions- An algebraic expression is a ______________________ _________________ that can include _______________________, ________________________, and ______________________ ______________. Examples: Showing Multiplilcation in Algebra – Multiplication in algebra is shown by ________________________ or by ___________ or by making numbers and variables _____________. Example: Show “5 times a number, n” three different ways. Example 1: Writing an Algebraic Expression Write an algebraic expression for each phrase. √ Understanding Check 1. four more than a number a. the sum of 3 and a number 2. two less than a number b. the product of seven and a number 3. the sum of a number and 2 c. the quotient of p and 2 4. the difference of a number and 4 d. a number increased by 3 5. the product of seven and n e. the difference of a number and 8 6. the quotient of n and 6 f. six less than a number 7. a number increased by four g. 9 more than a number 8. a number decreased by 8 h. a number decreased by 10 2 Example 2: Writing an Algebraic Expression with two operations Define a variable and write an algebraic expression for each phrase. √ Understanding Check a. 5 more than eight times a number a. 9 less than six times a number b. 7 less than three times a number b. 3 more than ten times a number c. 9 more than twice a number c. 2 less than half a number Exponents and Order of Operations . Vocabulary Exponent- An exponent tells how many times a number, the _________, is used as a factor. 24 = √ Understanding Check Simplify: a. 53 b. 23 c. 34 d. 105 Vocabulary Order of Operations (PEMDAS)- Mathematicians have agreed on the following order for __________________ mathematical expressions: 1. _____________________________ 2. _____________________________ 3. _____________________________ 4. _____________________________ An easy way to remember the order of operations is to remember the saying: “P____________ E_____________ M____ D___________ A_________ S____________” 3 Example 1: Simplifying a Numerical Expression Simplify 25 8 2 32 (5 2) _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ step 1: _______________________________ step 2: _______________________________ step 3: _______________________________ step 4: _______________________________ step 5: _______________________________ √ Understanding Check a. 6 10 5 d. (5 3) 2 (5 2 3) b. 3 6 4 2 2 c. 4 2 2 4 7 e. 8 – 3(2) + 62 Example 2: Simplifying an Expression with brackets Simplify 2[(13 7) 2 3] ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ step 1: _______________________________ step 2: _______________________________ step 3: _______________________________ step 4: _______________________________ √ Understanding Check Simplify each expression. a. 5[4 3(2 2 1)] b. 12 3[18 5(16 13)] c. 5 [(2 1) 3 3] 4 Example 3: Evaluating an Algebraic Expression Evaluate 3a 2 3 b for a 7 and b 4 __________ __________ __________ __________ step 1: _______________________________ step 2: _______________________________ step 3: _______________________________ step 4: _______________________________ √ Understanding Check Evaluate each expression for c = 2 and d = 5 a. 4c 2d c b. d 6c 4 c. 11 c d 2 Example 4: Evaluating Expressions with Exponents Evaluate each expression for c 5 and d 4 a. (cd ) 2 b. cd 2 ____________ _________________________ ___________ ____________ ___________ / ___________ ___________ ____________ _________________________ ___________ √ Understanding Check Evaluate each expression for r 6 and t 3 a. rt 2 b. r 2 t c. (rt ) 2 5 Example 5: Application A neighborhood association turned a vacant lot into a park. The park is shaped like the b1 b2 to find the area of the lot for: 2 trapezoid below. Use the formula A h h 12 ft and bases b1 100 ft and b2 40 ft. step 1: _______________________________ step 2: _______________________________ step 3: _______________________________ step 4: _______________________________ √ Understanding Check 1. Find the area of a trapezoid with height h 4 ft and bases b1 20 ft and b2 10 ft, using the formula. b b A h 1 2 2 2. Find the area of a triangle with height h 8 ft and a base b1 6 ft, using the formula. A 1 bh 2 6 Exploring Real Numbers . Vocabulary Natural Numbers – Natural numbers are the __________________ counting numbers you learned when you were three years old. Whole Numbers – Whole numbers are the natural numbers and _____________. Integers – Integers are the whole numbers and the ______________________ numbers. Rational Numbers – A rational number is any number that you can write in the form a , where a and b are ______________ and b 0. A rational number in decimal form b is either ___________________, such as 6.27, or ___________________________, such as 8.2222... which you can write as _______. Rational Numbers Integers Whole Numbers Natural Numbers √ Understanding Check What kind of number is each of the following (a number can be more than one kind.) a. 5 b. -3 c. 0 d. 5.3 7 Adding Real Numbers . Vocabulary Identity Property of Addition – For every real number n, _________________ and _____________________ Example: Inverse Property of Addition – For every real number n, there is an __________________ __________________ (–n) such that _________________ Example: Example 1: Using a Number Line Model Simplify each expression: a. 2 + 6 c. –2 + 6 b. 2 + (–6) d. –2 + (–6) Example 2: Adding Integers with Symbols a. 5 + 2 c. 7 + (–3) b. –5 + (–2) d. –8 + 6 √ Understanding Check 1. 3 + –6 5. –9 + 2 2. –7 + –11 6. –3 + 3 3. –8 + 10 7. –1 + 5 4. –2 + –6 8. –4 + 0 Which problem above is an example of identity property of addition? _____ And which is an example of inverse property of addition ? ______ 8 Example 3: Application A football team gains 2 yd and then loses 7 yd in two plays. You express a loss of 7 yd as –7. Use addition to find the result of the two plays. √ Understanding Check The temperature falls 15 degrees and then rises 18 degrees. Use addition to find the change in temperature. (Show your work.) Subtracting Real Numbers . Example 1: Using a Number Line Model a. 7 – 2 b. 1 – 4 c. –2 – 5 Example 2: Subtracting Real Numbers Both 2 + (-6) and 2 - 6 have the ____________ _____________, – 4. This illustrates the following rule for subtracting real numbers: Rule: To subtract a number, _______________________________. Examples: 3 – 5 = 4 – (–9) = Simplify each expression by adding the opposite. (Show your changes!) a. 5 – 11 b. –3 – 7 c. – 8 – 5 d. –4 – (–9) c. 3 – 4 d. –5 – (–7) √ Understanding Check a. –6 – 2 b. 8 – (–4) 9 Example 3: Applying Subtraction – Evaluating Expressions Evaluate –a – b for a = –3 and b = –5 ________ ________ ________ step 1 __________________________________ step 2 __________________________________ step 3 __________________________________ √ Understanding Check Evaluate each expression for r = 7 and t = –2 a. r – t b. t – r c. –t – r d. –r – (–t) Multiplying and Dividing Real Numbers . Vocabulary Identity Property of Multiplication – For every real number n, ____________. Examples: Multiplication Property of Zero – For every real number n, _____________. Examples: Multiplication Property of –1 – For every real number n, _____________. Examples: Example 1: Multiplying Real Numbers Rule: The product of two positive numbers or two negative numbers is _____________. (In other words, same signs make a positive.) Examples: 5 • 2 = –5(–2) = Rule: The product of a positive number and a negative number, or a negative number and a positive number, is ______________. (In other words, different signs make a negative.) Examples: 3(–6) = –3 • 8 = 10 Example 1: Simplify 2 b. –5 a. 9(–4.2) 3 √ Understanding Check a. 4(–6) b. –10(–5) c. –4(–8.1) d.–6(0) 2 3 e. 34 f. –2(1) Which of the problems above shows the identity property of multiplication? _______ And which shows the multiplication property of zero? _______ Example 2: Evaluating Expressions with Multiplication Evaluate –2(xy) for x = –20 and y = –3 ________ step 1 __________________________________ ________ step 2 __________________________________ ________ step 3 __________________________________ √ Understanding Check Evaluate each expression for c = –8 and d = –7. a. (–2)(–3)(cd) b. –(cd) c. c(–d) d. –4c + 2d – c 11 Example 3: Simplifying Exponential Expressions with and without parenthesis Use order of operations (PEMDAS) to simplify each expression a. (–3)4 _____________ _____________ b. –34 ______________ ______________ √ Understanding Check Simplify each expression. a. –43 b. (–2)4 c. –32 d. (–5)3 Example 3: Dividing Real Numbers Rule: The rules for dividing real numbers are the ____________ as those for multiplying real numbers. Basically, same signs make a _______________ answer, and different signs make a ________________ answer. Examples: 6÷3= –6 ÷ (–3) = –6 ÷ 3 = 6 ÷ (–3) = √ Understanding Check a. –42 ÷ 7 e. 40 5 b. –8 ÷ (–2) f. 22 11 c. 8 ÷ (–8) g. 36 9 d. –39 ÷ (–3) h. 12 4 12 “Diamond” or “Magic x” Problems . “Magic x” problems are simply tools to help you find the _____________ and _______________ of two numbers. They can also be helpful with thinking ___________________ when you learn to factor later this year. Example 1: Multiply ↓ –3 Multiply ↓ –4 –2 6 ↑ Add ↑ Add √ Understanding Check –10 3 –5 –8 –10 7 –2 –8 5 –3 7 –11 1 –7 –4 9 –6 –4 5 –2 –3 –6 2 –7 13 Combining Like Terms and The Distributive Property . Vocabulary Term–A term is a ________________, __________________, or ______________ of a number and one or more variables. Coefficient– A coefficient is the ________________ ______________ of a term. Constant- A constant is a term that has _____ ___________________. Example: 6a2 – 5ab + 3b – 12 Like Terms- Like terms have exactly the ______________ ________________ and _________________. Examples: Like terms ____________ and ____________ Not like terms ____________ and ____________ Example 1: Combining Like Terms Simplify each expression. a. 3x + 5x step 1 __________________________________ _____________ step 2 __________________________________ b. –5c2 + 7c + 6 + c2 – 2 – 3c step 1 _______________________________ __________________________ step 2 _______________________________ √ Understanding Check Simplify each expression: a. 7y + 6y e. 3m + 2 + 6m + 3 b. 3t – t c. –9w3 – 3w3 f. 8x + 4 – 2x + 1 d. 8d + d g. 3p + p2 – 5 – 6p + 3 + 8p2 14 Rule: Distributive Property: For every real number a, b, and c a(b + c) = _____________ (b + c)a = ______________ a(b – c) = _____________ (b – c)a = ______________ You have used distributive property before when doing “mental math”: (*Think of 104 as _______ + ____ ) to simplify: 3(104) step 1 __________________________________ step 2 __________________________________ step 3 __________________________________ step 4 __________________________________ Example 2: Simplifying an Expression using Distributive Property Simplify each expression. a. 2(5x + 3) _____________ step 1 __________________________________ _____________ step 2 __________________________________ b. 1 (2b –4) 2 _____________ step 1 __________________________________ _____________ step 2 __________________________________ √ Understanding Check Simplify: a. 2(7t – 3) b. 3(4c + 1) c. 1 (10x – 35) 5 Example 3: Using the Multiplication Property of –1 Simplify – (6x + 4) _____________ step 1 __________________________________ _____________ step 2 __________________________________ _____________ step 3 __________________________________ 15 √ Understanding Check Simplify: a. –(2x + 6) b. – (– 8a + 3) Example 4: Writing an Expression Write an expression for a. 3 times the quantity x minus 5 b. 5 times the sum of x and 6 √ Understanding Check Write an expression for each phrase: a. –2 times the quantity t plus 7 b. 14 times the difference of w and 8 Example 5: Distributing and Combining Like Terms Simplify. a. 5(–4x + 2) + 3(5x – 2) __________________ __________________ Step 1: ______________________________ Step 2: ______________________________ b. –4(2x – 7) – (6x + 3) __________________ __________________ Step 1: ______________________________ Step 2: ______________________________ c. 5 – 2(3x + 4) + 8x __________________ __________________ Step 1: ______________________________ Step 2: ______________________________ √ Understanding Check Simplify. a. –2(3x – 4) + 3(5x – 1) b. 7x – (9x – 2) + 5 c. 20 – 4(5x + 6) + 2x 16 Tools of Algebra (Review of Pre-Algebra) QUICK VOCABULARY REVIEW (One Page) Unit 1 Vocabulary Review Name _________________________ Date __________________ Per ____ Directions: Match each Unit 1 vocabulary word with it’s example from the box. 1. exponent ____ a. n + (–n) = 0 2. natural number ____ b. 6x2 + 5x – 3 3. whole number ____ c. a(b + c) 4. integer ____ d. n • (–1) = – n 5. rational number ____ e. 3x2 – 4x + 2 6. identity property of addition ____ f. 7. inverse property of addition ____ g. …–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … 8. identity property of multiplication ____ h. n + 0 = n 9. multiplication property of zero ____ i. m3 10. multiplication property of –1 ____ j. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, …. 11. terms ____ k. 7xy 12. coefficient ____ l. 13. constant ____ m. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, … 14. distributive property ____ n. 5.23 ab + ac n •1=n n•0=0 Answer Key: 1. i 2. j 3. m 4. g 5. n 6. h 7. a 8. f 9. l 10. d 11. b 12. k 13. e 14. c I hope you find this free download to be useful in your classroom. Don’t forget to visit my store on Teachers Pay Teachers for more great Algebra products. “Follow me” to find out when I upload new notes, games, and activities. I have only uploaded a fraction of my files so there will be much more added to Algebra4all in the near future. Product List (November 7, 2012) Algebra Notes, Homework, and Tests: Unit 1 Guided Notes Unit 1 HW Bundle Unit 1 Multiple Choice Test Unit 2 Guided Notes Unit 2 HW Bundle Unit 2 Multiple Choice Test Unit 3 Guided Notes Unit 3 HW Bundle Unit 3 Multiple Choice Test Unit 1 Quick Vocabulary Review Unit 4 Guided Notes Unit 5 Guided Notes Unit 4 HW Bundle Unit 4 Multiple Choice Test Warm-ups Unit 1 Warm-ups Raffle Tickets Flashcards Speed Drills Partner Reviews Unit 1 Flashcards Distributive Prop. Unit 1 Speed Drills Operations with Integers Unit 2 Flashcards Distributive Prop. Unit 2 Speed Drills 1-step Equations Solving Equations Partner Review Unit 3 Flashcards 1-step Inequalities Unit 3 Speed Drills 1-step Inequalities Solving Inequalities Partner Review Learning Games, Songs, Labs, and Cooperative Learning: Adding Integers Dot Game Combining Like Terms Dot Game Adding Integers with M&M’s Activity Slope Battleship Game Number Line Game Using Proportions Activity Combining Like Terms Game Algebra Lab 1 (Proportions) Algebra Lab 2 (One step Equations) Treasure Run 1-step Inequalities Game Inequality Number Line Warm-up PPT Algebra Lab 3 Linear Equations “Algetropolis” C.L.Terms Game Exponent Song Order of Operations Challenge Plotting Points Thanksgiving Activity