Download Tools of Algebra (Review of Pre

Tools of Algebra
(Review of Pre-Algebra)
What you will learn:
 CA Algebra Standard 1.0: Identify and use the arithmetic
____________________ of ___________________ and rational,
irrational, and real numbers, including closure properties for the
four basic arithmetic _______________________ where applicable.
 CA Algebra Standard 2.0: Understand and use such operations as
taking the ______________________ and finding the
_________________________.
 CA Algebra Standard 25.0 Use properties of the number system
to judge the validity of results, to _________________ each step
of a procedure, and to _____________ or ____________________
statements.
1
Using Variables
.
Vocabulary
Variable- A variable is a _______________, usually a ______________, that
represents one or more numbers.
Algebraic Expressions- An algebraic expression is a ______________________
_________________ that can include _______________________,
________________________, and ______________________ ______________.
Examples:
Showing Multiplilcation in Algebra – Multiplication in algebra is shown by
________________________ or by ___________ or by making numbers and variables
_____________.
Example: Show “5 times a number, n” three different ways.
Example 1: Writing an Algebraic Expression
Write an algebraic expression
for each phrase.
√ Understanding Check
1. four more than a number
a. the sum of 3 and a number
2. two less than a number
b. the product of seven and a number
3. the sum of a number and 2
c. the quotient of p and 2
4. the difference of a number and 4
d. a number increased by 3
5. the product of seven and n
e. the difference of a number and 8
6. the quotient of n and 6
f. six less than a number
7. a number increased by four
g. 9 more than a number
8. a number decreased by 8
h. a number decreased by 10
2
Example 2: Writing an Algebraic Expression with two operations
Define a variable and write an algebraic
expression for each phrase.
√ Understanding Check
a. 5 more than eight times a number
a. 9 less than six times a number
b. 7 less than three times a number
b. 3 more than ten times a number
c. 9 more than twice a number
c. 2 less than half a number
Exponents and Order of Operations
.
Vocabulary
Exponent- An exponent tells how many times a number, the _________, is used
as a factor.
24 =
√ Understanding Check
Simplify:
a. 53
b. 23
c. 34
d. 105
Vocabulary
Order of Operations (PEMDAS)- Mathematicians have agreed on the following order
for __________________ mathematical expressions:
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
4. _____________________________
An easy way to remember the order of operations is to remember the
saying: “P____________ E_____________ M____ D___________
A_________ S____________”
3
Example 1: Simplifying a Numerical Expression
Simplify
25  8  2  32  (5  2)
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
step 1: _______________________________
step 2: _______________________________
step 3: _______________________________
step 4: _______________________________
step 5: _______________________________
√ Understanding Check
a. 6  10  5
d.
(5  3)  2  (5 2  3)
b. 3  6  4 2  2
c. 4  2 2  4  7
e. 8 – 3(2) + 62
Example 2: Simplifying an Expression with brackets
Simplify 2[(13  7) 2  3]
____________
____________
____________
____________
step 1: _______________________________
step 2: _______________________________
step 3: _______________________________
step 4: _______________________________
√ Understanding Check
Simplify each expression.
a. 5[4  3(2 2  1)]
b. 12  3[18  5(16  13)]
c. 5  [(2  1) 3  3]
4
Example 3: Evaluating an Algebraic Expression
Evaluate
3a  2 3  b for a  7 and b  4
__________
__________
__________
__________
step 1: _______________________________
step 2: _______________________________
step 3: _______________________________
step 4: _______________________________
√ Understanding Check
Evaluate each expression for c = 2 and d = 5
a. 4c  2d  c
b. d  6c  4
c. 11 c  d  2
Example 4: Evaluating Expressions with Exponents
Evaluate each expression for c  5 and d  4
a. (cd ) 2
b. cd 2
____________ _________________________ ___________
____________ ___________ / ___________  ___________
____________ _________________________ ___________
√ Understanding Check
Evaluate each expression for r  6 and t  3
a. rt 2
b. r 2 t
c. (rt ) 2
5
Example 5: Application
A neighborhood association turned a vacant lot into a park. The park is shaped like the
b1  b2 
 to find the area of the lot for:
 2 
trapezoid below. Use the formula A  h
h  12 ft and bases b1  100 ft and b2  40 ft.
step 1: _______________________________
step 2: _______________________________
step 3: _______________________________
step 4: _______________________________
√ Understanding Check
1. Find the area of a trapezoid with height h  4 ft and bases b1  20 ft and b2  10 ft, using
the formula.
b b 
A  h 1 2 
 2 
2. Find the area of a triangle with height h  8 ft and a base b1  6 ft, using the formula.
A
1
bh 
2
6
Exploring Real Numbers
.
Vocabulary
Natural Numbers – Natural numbers are the __________________ counting numbers
you learned when you were three years old.
Whole Numbers – Whole numbers are the natural numbers and _____________.
Integers – Integers are the whole numbers and the ______________________ numbers.
Rational Numbers – A rational number is any number that you can write in the form
a
, where a and b are ______________ and b  0. A rational number in decimal form
b
is either ___________________, such as 6.27, or ___________________________,
such as 8.2222... which you can write as _______.
Rational Numbers
Integers
Whole Numbers
Natural Numbers
√ Understanding Check
What kind of number is each of the following (a number can be more than one kind.)
a. 5
b. -3
c. 0
d. 5.3
7
Adding Real Numbers
.
Vocabulary
Identity Property of Addition – For every real number n,
_________________ and _____________________
Example:
Inverse Property of Addition – For every real number n, there is an
__________________ __________________ (–n) such that _________________
Example:
Example 1: Using a Number Line Model
Simplify each expression:
a. 2 + 6
c. –2 + 6
b. 2 + (–6)
d. –2 + (–6)
Example 2: Adding Integers with Symbols
a. 5 + 2
c. 7 + (–3)
b. –5 + (–2)
d. –8 + 6
√ Understanding Check
1. 3 + –6
5. –9 + 2
2. –7 + –11
6. –3 + 3
3. –8 + 10
7. –1 + 5
4. –2 + –6
8. –4 + 0
Which problem above is an example of identity property of addition? _____
And which is an example of inverse property of addition ? ______
8
Example 3: Application
A football team gains 2 yd and then loses 7 yd in two plays. You express a loss of 7 yd
as –7. Use addition to find the result of the two plays.
√ Understanding Check
The temperature falls 15 degrees and then rises 18 degrees. Use addition to find the
change in temperature. (Show your work.)
Subtracting Real Numbers
.
Example 1: Using a Number Line Model
a. 7 – 2
b. 1 – 4
c. –2 – 5
Example 2: Subtracting Real Numbers
Both 2 + (-6) and 2 - 6 have the ____________ _____________, – 4. This illustrates
the following rule for subtracting real numbers:
Rule: To subtract a number, _______________________________.
Examples: 3 – 5 =
4 – (–9) =
Simplify each expression by adding the opposite. (Show your changes!)
a. 5 – 11
b. –3 – 7
c. – 8 – 5
d. –4 – (–9)
c. 3 – 4
d. –5 – (–7)
√ Understanding Check
a. –6 – 2
b. 8 – (–4)
9
Example 3: Applying Subtraction – Evaluating Expressions
Evaluate –a – b for a = –3 and b = –5
________
________
________
step 1 __________________________________
step 2 __________________________________
step 3 __________________________________
√ Understanding Check
Evaluate each expression for r = 7 and t = –2
a. r – t
b. t – r
c. –t – r
d. –r – (–t)
Multiplying and Dividing Real Numbers
.
Vocabulary
Identity Property of Multiplication – For every real number n, ____________.
Examples:
Multiplication Property of Zero – For every real number n, _____________.
Examples:
Multiplication Property of –1 – For every real number n, _____________.
Examples:
Example 1: Multiplying Real Numbers
Rule: The product of two positive numbers or two negative numbers
is _____________. (In other words, same signs make a positive.)
Examples: 5 • 2 =
–5(–2) =
Rule: The product of a positive number and a negative number, or a
negative number and a positive number, is ______________. (In
other words, different signs make a negative.)
Examples: 3(–6) =
–3 • 8 =
10
Example 1: Simplify
2
b. –5   
a. 9(–4.2)
 3
√ Understanding Check
a. 4(–6)
b. –10(–5)
c. –4(–8.1)
d.–6(0)
2 3
e.   
34
f. –2(1)
Which of the problems above shows the identity property of multiplication? _______
And which shows the multiplication property of zero? _______
Example 2: Evaluating Expressions with Multiplication
Evaluate –2(xy)
for x = –20 and y = –3
________ step 1 __________________________________
________ step 2 __________________________________
________ step 3 __________________________________
√ Understanding Check
Evaluate each expression for c = –8 and d = –7.
a. (–2)(–3)(cd)
b. –(cd)
c. c(–d)
d. –4c + 2d – c
11
Example 3: Simplifying Exponential Expressions with and without parenthesis
Use order of operations (PEMDAS) to simplify each expression
a. (–3)4
_____________
_____________
b. –34
______________
______________
√ Understanding Check
Simplify each expression.
a. –43
b. (–2)4
c. –32
d. (–5)3
Example 3: Dividing Real Numbers
Rule: The rules for dividing real numbers are the ____________ as
those for multiplying real numbers.
Basically, same signs make a _______________ answer,
and different signs make a ________________ answer.
Examples:
6÷3=
–6 ÷ (–3) =
–6 ÷ 3 =
6 ÷ (–3) =
√ Understanding Check
a. –42 ÷ 7
e.
 40
5
b. –8 ÷ (–2)
f.
 22
 11
c. 8 ÷ (–8)
g.
36
9
d. –39 ÷ (–3)
h.
 12
4
12
“Diamond” or “Magic x” Problems
.
“Magic x” problems are simply tools to help you find the _____________ and
_______________ of two numbers. They can also be helpful with thinking
___________________ when you learn to factor later this year.
Example 1:
Multiply
↓
–3
Multiply
↓
–4
–2
6
↑
Add
↑
Add
√ Understanding Check
–10
3
–5
–8
–10
7
–2
–8
5
–3
7
–11
1
–7
–4
9
–6
–4
5
–2
–3
–6
2
–7
13
Combining Like Terms and The Distributive Property
.
Vocabulary
Term–A term is a ________________, __________________, or ______________ of a
number and one or more variables.
Coefficient– A coefficient is the ________________ ______________ of a term.
Constant- A constant is a term that has _____ ___________________.
Example:
6a2 – 5ab + 3b – 12
Like Terms- Like terms have exactly the ______________ ________________ and
_________________.
Examples:
Like terms ____________ and ____________
Not like terms ____________ and ____________
Example 1: Combining Like Terms
Simplify each expression.
a. 3x + 5x
step 1 __________________________________
_____________ step 2 __________________________________
b. –5c2 + 7c + 6 + c2 – 2 – 3c
step 1 _______________________________
__________________________ step 2 _______________________________
√ Understanding Check
Simplify each expression:
a. 7y + 6y
e. 3m + 2 + 6m + 3
b. 3t – t
c. –9w3 – 3w3
f. 8x + 4 – 2x + 1
d. 8d + d
g. 3p + p2 – 5 – 6p + 3 + 8p2
14
Rule: Distributive Property: For every real number a, b, and c
a(b + c) = _____________
(b + c)a = ______________
a(b – c) = _____________
(b – c)a = ______________
You have used distributive property before when doing “mental math”:
(*Think of 104 as _______ + ____ ) to simplify:
3(104)
step 1 __________________________________
step 2 __________________________________
step 3 __________________________________
step 4 __________________________________
Example 2: Simplifying an Expression using Distributive Property
Simplify each expression.
a. 2(5x + 3)
_____________ step 1 __________________________________
_____________ step 2 __________________________________
b.
1
(2b –4)
2
_____________ step 1 __________________________________
_____________ step 2 __________________________________
√ Understanding Check
Simplify:
a. 2(7t – 3)
b. 3(4c + 1)
c.
1
(10x – 35)
5
Example 3: Using the Multiplication Property of –1
Simplify – (6x + 4)
_____________ step 1 __________________________________
_____________ step 2 __________________________________
_____________ step 3 __________________________________
15
√ Understanding Check
Simplify:
a. –(2x + 6)
b. – (– 8a + 3)
Example 4: Writing an Expression
Write an expression for
a. 3 times the quantity x minus 5
b. 5 times the sum of x and 6
√ Understanding Check
Write an expression for each phrase:
a. –2 times the quantity t plus 7
b. 14 times the difference of w and 8
Example 5: Distributing and Combining Like Terms
Simplify.
a. 5(–4x + 2) + 3(5x – 2)
__________________
__________________
Step 1: ______________________________
Step 2: ______________________________
b. –4(2x – 7) – (6x + 3)
__________________
__________________
Step 1: ______________________________
Step 2: ______________________________
c. 5 – 2(3x + 4) + 8x
__________________
__________________
Step 1: ______________________________
Step 2: ______________________________
√ Understanding Check
Simplify.
a. –2(3x – 4) + 3(5x – 1)
b. 7x – (9x – 2) + 5
c. 20 – 4(5x + 6) + 2x
16
Tools of Algebra
(Review of Pre-Algebra)
QUICK VOCABULARY
REVIEW
(One Page)
Unit 1
Vocabulary Review
Name _________________________
Date __________________ Per ____
Directions: Match each Unit 1 vocabulary word with it’s example from the box.
1. exponent ____
a.
n + (–n) = 0
2. natural number ____
b.
6x2 + 5x – 3
3. whole number ____
c.
a(b + c)
4. integer ____
d.
n • (–1) = – n
5. rational number ____
e. 3x2 – 4x + 2
6. identity property of addition ____
f.
7. inverse property of addition ____
g. …–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …
8. identity property of multiplication ____
h. n + 0 = n
9. multiplication property of zero ____
i.
m3
10. multiplication property of –1 ____
j.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ….
11. terms ____
k. 7xy
12. coefficient ____
l.
13. constant ____
m. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, …
14. distributive property ____
n. 5.23
ab + ac
n •1=n
n•0=0
Answer Key:
1. i
2. j
3. m
4. g
5. n
6. h
7. a
8. f
9. l
10. d
11. b
12. k
13. e
14. c
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Product List
(November 7, 2012)
Algebra Notes, Homework, and Tests:
Unit 1 Guided
Notes
Unit 1 HW Bundle
Unit 1 Multiple
Choice Test
Unit 2 Guided
Notes
Unit 2 HW Bundle
Unit 2 Multiple
Choice Test
Unit 3 Guided
Notes
Unit 3 HW Bundle
Unit 3 Multiple
Choice Test
Unit 1 Quick
Vocabulary Review
Unit 4 Guided
Notes
Unit 5 Guided
Notes
Unit 4 HW Bundle
Unit 4 Multiple
Choice Test
Warm-ups
Unit 1 Warm-ups
Raffle Tickets
Flashcards
Speed Drills
Partner Reviews
Unit 1 Flashcards
Distributive Prop.
Unit 1 Speed Drills
Operations with
Integers
Unit 2 Flashcards
Distributive Prop.
Unit 2 Speed Drills
1-step Equations
Solving Equations
Partner Review
Unit 3 Flashcards
1-step Inequalities
Unit 3 Speed Drills
1-step Inequalities
Solving Inequalities
Partner Review
Learning Games, Songs, Labs, and Cooperative Learning:
Adding Integers
Dot Game
Combining Like
Terms Dot Game
Adding Integers
with M&M’s
Activity
Slope Battleship
Game
Number Line
Game
Using Proportions
Activity
Combining Like Terms
Game
Algebra Lab 1
(Proportions)
Algebra Lab 2
(One step Equations)
Treasure Run
1-step Inequalities
Game
Inequality Number
Line Warm-up PPT
Algebra Lab 3
Linear Equations
“Algetropolis”
C.L.Terms Game
Exponent Song
Order of
Operations
Challenge
Plotting Points
Thanksgiving Activity