Download chapter 6 review with answers

Chapter 6 Review
A) Classical Conditioning: training a subject
to have a response they usually have with
a stimuli to a neutral stimuli
1. Unconditioned stimulus
- Stimulus that has causes an
automatic response
- Example food
2. Conditioned stimulus
- Stimulus that you are trying to
teach a subject to have an
unnatural response towards.
- Example bell
3. Unconditioned response
- Natural response
- Example salivation towards food
4. Conditioned response
- Unnatural response
- Salivation towards bell
5. Trial
- Pairing of Unconditioned stimulus
to Conditioned Stimulus
6. Acquisition
- Initial stage of learning
7. 3 types of classical conditioning
- Simultaneous: CS and US begin &
end together
- Short-delayed: CS begins just
before the UC and then they both
end at the same time
- Trace: CS begins and ends before
you present US
8. Extinction
- Response of feeling goes away
with time
9. Spontaneous recovery
- When response has been extinct
but randomly comes back
10. Stimulus generalization
- Begin to group similar stimuli to
the one that causes a response
11. Discrimination
- Do not feel response to this
stimulus because it is not the same
as the stimuli that provokes
response.
12. Higher order conditioning
- CS is not US and new stimuli is
presented as CS and now response
is generated with just the new CS.
13. Taste Aversions
- When your body creates a
nauseous feeling towards a taste
or smell as a survival mechanism.
B) Operant Conditioning: training someone
to change their behavior by using
rewards and punishments
1. Law of effect
- If a response in the presence of a
stimulus leads to satisfying effects,
the association between stimulus
and response is strengthened.
2. Positive reinforcement
- A positive response is followed by
a positive stimuli
- Trying to have them repeat their
response
3. Negative reinforcement
- A positive response is followed by
removing a negative stimuli
- Trying to have them repeat their
response
4. Skinner box
- Be familiar with the skinner box
experiment
5. Shaping
- Trying to get the desired response
so you provoke it
6. Extinction
As reinforces stop so does the
behavior
- Usually happens when CS is
repeated without the UCS
7. Discrimination
- Cues that influence operant
behavior by indicating the
probable consequences of a
response
8. Delayed reinforcement
- Reinforcement that is not given
immediately
- Slower conditioning
9. Primary reinforcement
- Biological reinforcement
- Needs
- Example: water, food, sex
10. Secondary reinforcement
- Wants
- Example: money, grades, praise
11. Ratio schedules
- Deals with amount of trials
- Fixed: giving a reinforcement after
a fixed number or non-reinforced
responses (exact)
- Variable: giving a reinforcement
after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
(approximate)
- Most resistant to extinction
12. Interval schedules
- Deals with time
- Fixed: reinforcing the first
response that occurs after a fixed
time interval has elapsed
- Variable: giving the reinforcement
for the first response after a
variable time interval has elapsed.
13. Continuous reinforcement
- Continuously reinforcing the
response
14. Intermittent reinforcement
- Reinforcing sometimes
15. Punishment
-
-
Negative response is followed by a
negative stimuli
Trying to stop the response from
happening again
Most effective when punishment is
delivered right after the behavior
C) Observational Learning: being trained or
taught by observing. Sometimes we
observe someone taking part in operant
conditioning and we mimic their actions
1. Attention
- To learn through observation you
must pay attention
2. Retention
- Must store mental representation
of what you’ve witnessed in your
memory
3. Reproduction
- Enacting a modeled response
depends on your ability. (cannot
mimic response if you do not have
the ability to do so)
4. Motivation
- Unlikely to produce response
unless you are motivated.
5. feral children
- a human child who has lived
isolated from human contact from
a very young age and has no
experience of human care, social
behavior, and human language
D) Names
1. Ivan Pavlov
- Classical conditioning
- Know his experiment
2. John Garcia
- Taste aversions
- Know the sheep and coyote
experiment
3. John B. Watson
- Little albert
- behaviorism
4. Edward L. Thorndike
- Law of effect: when a stimuli’s
response causes a positive effect,
there is a more likely chance that
the individual will repeat the
response.
5. B.F. Skinner
- Operant conditioning
- Skinner box
6. Breland
7. Albert Bandura
- Claims that both classical and
operant conditioning take place
simultaneously in observational
learning.
- Bobo doll experiment: Study w/
doll: one study was adult playing
w/ clown…either aggressively or
nonaggresively, kids tend to
imitate same sex role models
- Published landmark research on
media violence & aggression in
1963
E) Miscellaneous
1. Phobias
- Irrational fear that you are
classically conditioned to have
2. Instinctive drift
- Animals and/or humans have a
tendency to drift back to the
behaviors that is within their
instinct
3. Signal relations
- environmental stimuli serve as
signals and that some stimuli are
better, or more dependable signals
than others
4. Response-outcome relations
- Response will be strengthened if
you liked the outcome
5. Latent learning
Learning that is not apparent from
behavior when it first occurs
6. Instinct
- Ethologists would define this as
genetically programmed action
pattern
7. Token economy
- A token economy is a system
of behavior modification based on the
systematic positive reinforcement of
target behavior.
- The reinforcers are symbols or tokens
that can be exchanged for other
reinforcers.
- Token economy is based on the
principles of operant conditioning and
can be situated within applied
behavior analysis (behaviorism).
- Token economies are applied with
children and adults.
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