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Chapter 6 Review A) Classical Conditioning: training a subject to have a response they usually have with a stimuli to a neutral stimuli 1. Unconditioned stimulus - Stimulus that has causes an automatic response - Example food 2. Conditioned stimulus - Stimulus that you are trying to teach a subject to have an unnatural response towards. - Example bell 3. Unconditioned response - Natural response - Example salivation towards food 4. Conditioned response - Unnatural response - Salivation towards bell 5. Trial - Pairing of Unconditioned stimulus to Conditioned Stimulus 6. Acquisition - Initial stage of learning 7. 3 types of classical conditioning - Simultaneous: CS and US begin & end together - Short-delayed: CS begins just before the UC and then they both end at the same time - Trace: CS begins and ends before you present US 8. Extinction - Response of feeling goes away with time 9. Spontaneous recovery - When response has been extinct but randomly comes back 10. Stimulus generalization - Begin to group similar stimuli to the one that causes a response 11. Discrimination - Do not feel response to this stimulus because it is not the same as the stimuli that provokes response. 12. Higher order conditioning - CS is not US and new stimuli is presented as CS and now response is generated with just the new CS. 13. Taste Aversions - When your body creates a nauseous feeling towards a taste or smell as a survival mechanism. B) Operant Conditioning: training someone to change their behavior by using rewards and punishments 1. Law of effect - If a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between stimulus and response is strengthened. 2. Positive reinforcement - A positive response is followed by a positive stimuli - Trying to have them repeat their response 3. Negative reinforcement - A positive response is followed by removing a negative stimuli - Trying to have them repeat their response 4. Skinner box - Be familiar with the skinner box experiment 5. Shaping - Trying to get the desired response so you provoke it 6. Extinction As reinforces stop so does the behavior - Usually happens when CS is repeated without the UCS 7. Discrimination - Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response 8. Delayed reinforcement - Reinforcement that is not given immediately - Slower conditioning 9. Primary reinforcement - Biological reinforcement - Needs - Example: water, food, sex 10. Secondary reinforcement - Wants - Example: money, grades, praise 11. Ratio schedules - Deals with amount of trials - Fixed: giving a reinforcement after a fixed number or non-reinforced responses (exact) - Variable: giving a reinforcement after a variable number of nonreinforced responses (approximate) - Most resistant to extinction 12. Interval schedules - Deals with time - Fixed: reinforcing the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed - Variable: giving the reinforcement for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. 13. Continuous reinforcement - Continuously reinforcing the response 14. Intermittent reinforcement - Reinforcing sometimes 15. Punishment - - Negative response is followed by a negative stimuli Trying to stop the response from happening again Most effective when punishment is delivered right after the behavior C) Observational Learning: being trained or taught by observing. Sometimes we observe someone taking part in operant conditioning and we mimic their actions 1. Attention - To learn through observation you must pay attention 2. Retention - Must store mental representation of what you’ve witnessed in your memory 3. Reproduction - Enacting a modeled response depends on your ability. (cannot mimic response if you do not have the ability to do so) 4. Motivation - Unlikely to produce response unless you are motivated. 5. feral children - a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age and has no experience of human care, social behavior, and human language D) Names 1. Ivan Pavlov - Classical conditioning - Know his experiment 2. John Garcia - Taste aversions - Know the sheep and coyote experiment 3. John B. Watson - Little albert - behaviorism 4. Edward L. Thorndike - Law of effect: when a stimuli’s response causes a positive effect, there is a more likely chance that the individual will repeat the response. 5. B.F. Skinner - Operant conditioning - Skinner box 6. Breland 7. Albert Bandura - Claims that both classical and operant conditioning take place simultaneously in observational learning. - Bobo doll experiment: Study w/ doll: one study was adult playing w/ clown…either aggressively or nonaggresively, kids tend to imitate same sex role models - Published landmark research on media violence & aggression in 1963 E) Miscellaneous 1. Phobias - Irrational fear that you are classically conditioned to have 2. Instinctive drift - Animals and/or humans have a tendency to drift back to the behaviors that is within their instinct 3. Signal relations - environmental stimuli serve as signals and that some stimuli are better, or more dependable signals than others 4. Response-outcome relations - Response will be strengthened if you liked the outcome 5. Latent learning Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs 6. Instinct - Ethologists would define this as genetically programmed action pattern 7. Token economy - A token economy is a system of behavior modification based on the systematic positive reinforcement of target behavior. - The reinforcers are symbols or tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers. - Token economy is based on the principles of operant conditioning and can be situated within applied behavior analysis (behaviorism). - Token economies are applied with children and adults. -