Download Research Paper: Individual investigation of a learning theory

Research Paper: Individual investigation of a learning theory.
Approaches to Teaching and Learning
Learning theory reflection: Behaviourism
Melissa Casha
3854482
Behaviourism
Research Paper: Individual investigation of a learning theory.
Behaviourism
Behaviourism was first introduced by John B Watson in the year 1913. He had a belief that learning
could cultivate through change in behaviour. Behaviourism focuses on observable behaviour; it
focuses on behavioural changes. Development of learning takes place due to different elements in
the environment. Watson posed the idea of learning through two types of conditioning: Classical
conditioning; which is defined by a reflex response to stimuli, and the second type of conditioning
being Operant conditioning; which portrayed by reinforcement through reward or punishment.
Together, these classifications have been investigated and proven successful in many cases over a
certain period of time. The use of trial and error to investigate whether certain situations are proved
to be successful is imperative. The fundamental nature of behaviourism is to assist in convoluting
individual’s behaviour. This is implemented through reference to positive and negative
reinforcement; whereby both types of reinforcement are utilised to increase or decrease certain
behaviours.
The two conditioning aspects, Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning are described and
applied differently according to the situation. Classical conditioning requires a stimulus in order to
get a response. A renowned model of this is Pavlov’s research on the salivating dog. (Pavlov, 1927)
This experiment was ground breaking, as it portrayed an example of training an individual or group
to attain certain movements/responses through training.
Unconditioned stimulus
(Food)
Unconditioned response
(Salivation)
Unconditioned stimulus
(Food)
Conditioned stimulus
(Bell)
Unconditioned response
(Salivation)
Conditioned stimulus
(Bell)
Conditioned response
(Salivation)
As exemplified above, food is recognised as the unconditioned stimulus. The unconditioned
response is salivation by the dog. Unconditioned stimulus which is identified as food is presented to
the dog, along with the sound of a bell ring. This causes the dog to salivate (response). After
repetition over time, the original stimulus becomes conditioned- resulting in only a bell ring taking
place. As a response to the sound of the bell, a conditioned response of salivation takes place.
In a school setting, Classical conditioning could be made relevant and used to benefit not only the
student, but the teachers also; in terms of classroom management and work requirements being
accomplished. Classical conditioning was used by P. De Salvo and me during physical education class
at Gilmore College for Girls, where we would ask the students at the start of each class to get
changed into their P.E. uniform prior to the commencement of our class. After positive
reinforcement, we were able to condition the students to sometimes arrive to class earlier to ensure
Research Paper: Individual investigation of a learning theory.
Behaviourism
they were dressed for class. We were also able to condition the students to get dressed without our
instruction. This enabled a smooth transition in the beginning of our class.
Operant conditioning is demonstrated ideally through the study of Skinner; (Watson 1913) where an
initial response is made, it is then followed by specific reinforcement. Through Skinner’s study, a
Pigeon was rewarded with food after a desirable response. (Skinner, 1969) For example: The pigeon
pecked on a coloured disk. Randomization of reward allowed the pigeon to learn that the food was
only delivered subsequently the push of a button.
Response
(Press button)
Stimulus (Reward)
(Food)
Time
Conditioned Response
(Press button)
Conditioned Stimulus (Reward)
(Food)
In the above diagram, it illustrates that a response results in positive reinforcement. After repetition;
(over time) the original response becomes known as a conditioned response; which results in a
conditioned stimulus, also known as the reward/food. The pigeon learns that if it presses the button,
it will receive food, therefore is encouraged to press the button more often. It is essential for this
theory to be gradually implemented; otherwise the possibility of success is decreased.
An example of operant conditioning used in a teaching setting was during the instance of rewarding
the students with high-fives. Students in P.E at Gilmore College for Girls who did very well at a skill,
or scored a goal/point were sometimes rewarded with a high-five. This encouraged the students to
try harder during practical classes, as they felt good about their performance, which was rewarded
with positive reinforcement and a high-five action. Doing this also assisted in building a repour with
the students.
Through the breakdown of behaviourism; it is evident that both classical conditioning and operant
conditioning are made useful in a classroom setting. Examples by Pavlov and Skinner use animals to
demonstrate and test the each concept; however after further study, they were able to be applied in
real-life situations. Through my placement at Gilmore College for Girls, I was able to apply both
principles of behaviourism; this allowed me to gain confidence with classroom management and also
build a better repour with students. It was obvious that the students enjoyed P.E. more when
positive feedback was given. Students were willing to try harder to ensure improvement was made.
Constructive criticism throughout the class was also beneficial, as it enabled students to become
aware of specific weaknesses. With this feedback from students, I (as a teacher) was able to adjust
my activities to suit the students, to ensure they worked to the best of their ability as-well-as enjoy
the class.
Research Paper: Individual investigation of a learning theory.
Behaviourism
The use of learning theories, such as behaviourism may be useful when teaching; however it isn’t
ideal for all situations. It is vital that other learning theories are utilised during teaching. This is to
ensure students are getting the most out of each subject. It also allows a fresh approach to take
place when in a learning environment. Reward, punishment, positive feedback and constructive
criticism are important aspects of a school’s policy to adapt behaviour and assist in classroom
management; all of which are consequent from the behaviourism theory. Whether or not an
individual advocates to behaviourism as a method for deep and involved learning, it is a theory that
is deeply connected to teaching in all areas. The main desirable outcome when using the
behaviourist theory; is to achieve changes in individuals, as-well-as groups, through observation.
Research Paper: Individual investigation of a learning theory.
Behaviourism
References:
McLeod, S. A. (2007). Pavlov’s Dogs - Simply Psychology. Retrieved from
http://www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html
Pavlov, I. P. (1928). Lectures On Conditioned Reflexes. (Translated by W.H. Gantt) London: Allen and
Unwin.
Watson, J. B. (1928). The ways of behaviorism. Oxford, England: Harper 144 pp.
Operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner). [On-line]. Available:
Wilson, B. G. (1997). Thoughts on theory in educational technology. Educational Technology,
January-February, 22-27.