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Fall Summation packet 2016 KEY 1. Why are models useful in science? Give two examples of a model. Model of the solar system, model of a plant cell. Useful- it represents the object being studied. Simplify complex ideas or concepts 2. What are some of the common weaknesses in models? List at least three examples. - not the right size - movement patterns missing -too simple*** - details are missing -looks different than actual WAVES 3. In a transverse wave, matter moves up and down or back and forth in an S-like curve. Refer to the Waves lesson to label items A-E on the following diagram. A- Amplitude B- Trough C- Wave length D- Wave Height E- Crest E D A B C 4. In a compressional or longitudinal wave, matter is squeezed or compressed together and then Transverse Wave spreads out in the direction the wave travels until it compresses again. If you hold both ends of a Slinky and push one end toward the middle, you create a compressional wave. Refer to the Waves lesson and label the following diagram. F- Compression G- Rarefaction H- Wavelength F G H Compressional Wave updated 11/22/2004 1 Electromagnetic waves are a special type of transverse waves that result from electricity and a magnetic field changing or moving together. They are arranged according to wavelength on a diagram called the electromagnetic spectrum. Different kinds of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum have different wavelengths, but they all travel at the same speed. 5. Electromagnetic waves can move through empty space, but mechanical waves, such as sound waves, cannot. Why is this? Mechanical waves need a medium to travel. Electromagnetic waves do not. 6. Of the seven types of electromagnetic waves, which type has the highest frequency and why? Gamma rays, they have the shortest wavelength. 7. Which type of electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength? Radio UNIVERSE Use the following lessons to answer the review questions: Our Expanding Universe Down to Earth Somewhere Out There A Star is Born Do You See What I Hear Red Hot? 8. Dude, Where’s My Star? All Power Points associated with these lessons Name and describe in detail the three major scientific theories for the formation of the Universe. Big Bang Theory- 15 billion years ago, everything in the Universe was located in a single point. This single point exploded outwards in every direction forming everything we can see. Oscillating Universe Theory- Started with an explosion, the universe contracts back to a single point and then expands back out; creating a cycle of expansion and contraction. Steady State Theory- the universe is static and doesn’t change 13. Which two theories are the most similar? Why are they so similar? updated 11/22/2004 2 The Big Bang Theory and the Oscillating Universe Theory are similar because they both start with an explosion and expand. 14. Describe a model you could use to show how the two above theories are different. Balloon model – inflate and deflate for demonstration. Mark galaxies. 15. During the Big Bang, the element hydrogen was created. What did the hydrogen create? Hydrogen combines to make helium. (fusion) 16. Define the Geocentric Universe and Heliocentric Universe. Who created the theories? When were the theories created and what did each propose? Geocentric- The Earth is the Center of the Universe and everything revolves around Earth (Aristotle) Heliocentric- The Sun is the center of the universe and everything revolves around the sun (Copernicus) 17. List the major contributions of the following scientists. Galileo- Force that cause objects to fall and pendulums Hubble- Classified Galaxies; telescope named after him studies far away objects in space Doppler- Behavior of waves given off by moving objects Copernicus- Heliocentric theory, telescopes 18. The Andromeda galaxy has a blue shift. How will the Andromeda galaxy affect the Milky Way in the near future? It will move closer. If it continues to move closer, it will eventually collide with the milky way galaxy 19. Name and describe the three different types of galaxies. Spiral- arms, like a pinwheel, that wind outward from the center, composed of dust and stars Elliptical- look like a flattened ball, they have many stars, but small amounts of gas and dust Irregular- rarest type of galaxy, and includes all galaxies that are not elliptical or spiral. updated 11/22/2004 3 20. The star Gamma Per is about 225 light years (LY = distance light travels in one year) from earth. Imagine there is intelligent alien life living on a planet that circles this star. Using what you know about the speed of light and American history, describe what the aliens would be seeing right now if they were looking at earth. 1785 - horse and buggy, plantations, colonial America 21. Some stars that are in the night’s sky have already died. Explain why we can still see them, even if they exploded thousands of years ago. The stars are so far away that it takes millions of years for the light to reach Earth. 22. The picture to the right is of a boat using its foghorn. Describe what is happening in the picture using the words Doppler effect, high/low pitch, direction of movement. The ship is moving from right to left based on the wave pattern The waves increase in frequency in the direction of the ship (Doppler effect) The pitch of the foghorn will increase (higher frequency) as the ship approaches and decrease (lower frequency) as the ship passes by a stationary object. 23. Use the same picture above, but imagine there is a galaxy in place of the boat. Describe what would be happening using the words Doppler effect, blue/red shift, and direction of movement. Red shift – the galaxy is moving away Blue shift – the galaxy is moving toward you 24. When a scientist looks at a galaxy that is 12 billion light years away and is red shifted, what does that tell you about age and size of the Universe? The universe is very old, has been expanding and continues to expand. 25. When Doppler was on the train, what was he trying to prove? The frequency of sound waves increases in the direction of a moving object. 26. What did Hubble do with the Doppler Effect? Hubble applied the Doppler Effect to movement of stars and galaxies with light. (movement outward from the center) 28. Cowboys place their ears on the ground when listening for approaching horses. Using what you know about density and compressional waves, explain why they put their ears on the ground instead of just listening in the air. Sound waves travel faster through a dense medium. Ground is denser than air, so you hear the hoof beats in the ground before hearing them in air. 29 .Talk about the Life Cycle of the Sun. Start with a nebula, and go through a black dwarf. updated 11/22/2004 4 Nebula – protostar – main sequence - red giant – white dwarf – black dwarf 30. How would the sun’s life cycle change if its mass increased by 100 times? Nebula – protostar –main sequence - super red giant – supernova – black hole 31. Can a medium-sized yellow star ever turn into a black hole? Explain. No – only super high mass stars become black holes. 32. Stars give off tremendous amounts of energy. Where does this energy come from? The process of turning hydrogen into helium = FUSION! (come together) (break apart) = Fission 33. What force causes extremely high mass stars to turn into black holes instead of neutron stars? Gravitational pull 34. What type of energy do stars give off? Radiant – “rays” from the sun 106 102 Luminosity Absolute Magnitude 104 1 10-2 updated 11/22/2004 Surface Temperature (K) 2,000 3,500 5,000 6,000 7,500 11,000 20,000 50,000 10-4 5 35. Label the five stars’ temperature (hot, cold) and magnitude (bright, dim). Top left – hot, bright top right – cool, bright middle – mid temp, mid brightness Bottom left – hot, dim bottom right – cool, dim 36. Explain the reason why the two stars on the bottom have the same magnitude, yet have different temperatures. Size of the star 37. Which of those stars most resembles the sun? Middle Star- main sequence, the temperature is the same 38. The star in the top right hand corner stands for which category of stars? Red Giant 39. In the picture above, how are the boxes that have been fired out of the cannon exhibiting kinetic energy? They have movement. 40. Where is the original potential energy coming from in the picture above? Chemical energy of the ammunition 41. What would cause the boxes to slow down while in flight? Gravity, air resistance. 42. Which one of the scientists that you studied would like to put different sized boxes in the cannon and see the interaction between mass and the force of gravity? What would his results be? Galileo – results: all objects will fall at the same rate 43. Draw a pendulum and label the greatest potential & kinetic energy: updated 11/22/2004 6 55. N N Sun X X How does this picture demonstrate seasons? Label seasons on each hemisphere. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Seasons are caused by the angle at which the sun hits the earth – When the earth is tilted towards the sun, the rays of the sun are hitting the earth more directly (greater angle). 56. Explain what causes seasons on Earth. The tilt and rotation of the Earth 57. Describe the difference between Spring Tides and Neap Tides. Be sure to tie the tides to the appropriate lunar phase and how often they occur. Spring tides are stronger. (full and new moon) – because the earth, the sun and the moon are aligned Neap tides are weaker. (1st and 3rd quarter moons) 58. Identify each phase of the moon on the chart below and draw it as it would appear in the night sky. updated 11/22/2004 7 Phase 1. New Moon 2. Waxing Crescent 3. 1st Quarter Moon 4. Waxing Gibbous 5. Full Moon 6. Waning Gibbous 7. Last Quarter Moon 8. Waning Crescent Drawing 8 7 6 1 5 2 3 4 59. On the diagram above, label the following: New Moon, 1 st Quarter Moon, Full Moon, Last Quarter Moon. 60. The new moon occurs on Dec. 6th. What dates do the 1st Quarter, full moon, and 3rd quarter occur? Full Moon- 20th 1st Quarter- 13th 3rd Quarter- 27th 61. Define independent variable. Variable that is being tested, changed, or manipulated. 62. Define dependent variable. Variable that responds to manipulation (the result). This variable is the one being measured. updated 11/22/2004 8 Unit: Minerals and Chemisty Lessons: Dmitri Did It Again, The –ides Have It, Balanced or Not, What is a Metal, Testing Minerals 56. When mossy zinc is placed in a beaker of hydrochloric acid, the zinc begins to corrode and gas is produced. The reaction can be expressed as Zn + 2HCl → H2 + ZnCl2 + (heat) Inventory the number of atoms present on the left side of the equation Inventory the number of atoms present on the right side of the equation zinc hydrogen chlorine zinc hydrogen chlorine 1 2 2 1 2 2 a. Is the reaction expressed above a balanced equation? Explain your answer. Yes, because there are the same amount of atoms of each element on either side of the equation b. What does the arrow in the equation mean? Yields c. Everything to the left of the arrow is reactancts d. Everything to the right of the arrow is a products 57. When heat is released during a reaction, the reaction is said to be exothermic 58. Some types of reactions absorb heat rather than release it. These are classified as _endothermic_ reactions. (temp. decreases) 59. Label the following as elements or compounds: Zn - element HCl - compound ZnCl2- compound Use a periodic table to answer the following 4 questions: 60. Elements on the periodic table may be classified as metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and gases. Using map pencils, color the metals blue, the nonmetals red, the metalloids green, and the gases yellow. The majority of elements are classified as metals 61. Explain the difference between groups and periods on the periodic table. Why do elements in the same group behave similarly in chemical reactions? Group are columns, periods are rows. Elements in the same period have the same number of valence electrons and therefore react the similarly. 62. Identify all parts of this atom. What is the atomic number? 10 updated 11/22/2004 electron 9 Name this element. Neon nucleus Energy level Figure 2 63. The chemical formula for the mineral calcite is CaCO3. What three elements make up of each element are present? Calcium- 1 Carbon- 1 Oxygen- 3 this compound? How many atoms 64. Potassium is element 19 on the Periodic Table. It is a light weight metal that reacts rapidly with water and air. Based on its location on the Periodic Table, name two other elements that should have similar properties: Sodium and Rubidium 65. Find the element sulfur on the periodic table. a. What period is sulfur in? 3 b. What group is sulfur in? 16 c. How many protons does it have? 16 d. Is it a metal, nonmetal, metalloid, or gas? Nonmetal e. Does it conduct electricity? no f. Is it malleable? no 67. There is a stair-step line on the Periodic Table. What is the significance of that line? and nonmetals. updated 11/22/2004 Metalloids: have properties of metals 10