Download Summation Packet KEY

Fall Summation packet 2016 KEY
1. Why are models useful in science? Give two examples of a model.
Model of the solar system, model of a plant cell. Useful- it represents the object being studied. Simplify
complex ideas or concepts
2. What are some of the common weaknesses in models? List at least three examples.
- not the right size - movement patterns missing
-too simple***
- details are missing
-looks different than actual
WAVES
3.
In a transverse wave, matter moves up and down or back and forth in an S-like curve. Refer to
the Waves lesson to label items A-E on the following diagram.
A- Amplitude
B- Trough
C- Wave length
D- Wave Height
E- Crest
E
D
A
B
C
4.
In a compressional or longitudinal
wave, matter
is squeezed or compressed together and then
Transverse
Wave
spreads out in the direction the wave travels until it compresses again. If you hold both ends of a
Slinky and push one end toward the middle, you create a compressional wave. Refer to the Waves
lesson and label the following diagram.
F- Compression
G- Rarefaction
H- Wavelength
F
G
H
Compressional Wave
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Electromagnetic waves are a special type of transverse waves that result from electricity and a magnetic field
changing or moving together. They are arranged according to wavelength on a diagram called the
electromagnetic spectrum. Different kinds of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum have different
wavelengths, but they all travel at the same speed.
5.
Electromagnetic waves can move through empty space, but mechanical waves, such as sound waves,
cannot. Why is this?
Mechanical waves need a medium to travel. Electromagnetic waves do not.
6.
Of the seven types of electromagnetic waves, which type has the highest frequency and why?
Gamma rays, they have the shortest wavelength.
7.
Which type of electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength?
Radio
UNIVERSE
Use the following lessons to answer the review questions:
Our Expanding Universe
Down to Earth
Somewhere Out There
A Star is Born
Do You See What I Hear
Red Hot?
8.
Dude, Where’s My Star?
All Power Points associated
with these lessons
Name and describe in detail the three major scientific theories for the formation of the Universe.
Big Bang Theory- 15 billion years ago, everything in the Universe was located in a single point. This single
point exploded outwards in every direction forming everything we can see.
Oscillating Universe Theory- Started with an explosion, the universe contracts back to a single point and then
expands back out; creating a cycle of expansion and contraction.
Steady State Theory- the universe is static and doesn’t change
13. Which two theories are the most similar? Why are they so similar?
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The Big Bang Theory and the Oscillating Universe Theory are similar because they both start with an
explosion and expand.
14. Describe a model you could use to show how the two above theories are different.
Balloon model – inflate and deflate for demonstration. Mark galaxies.
15. During the Big Bang, the element hydrogen was created. What did the hydrogen create?
Hydrogen combines to make helium. (fusion)
16. Define the Geocentric Universe and Heliocentric Universe. Who created the theories? When were the
theories created and what did each propose?
Geocentric- The Earth is the Center of the Universe and everything revolves around Earth (Aristotle)
Heliocentric- The Sun is the center of the universe and everything revolves around the sun (Copernicus)
17. List the major contributions of the following scientists.
Galileo- Force that cause objects to fall and pendulums
Hubble- Classified Galaxies; telescope named after him studies far away objects in space
Doppler- Behavior of waves given off by moving objects
Copernicus- Heliocentric theory, telescopes
18. The Andromeda galaxy has a blue shift. How will the Andromeda galaxy affect the Milky Way in the near
future?
It will move closer. If it continues to move closer, it will eventually collide with the milky way galaxy
19. Name and describe the three different types of galaxies.
Spiral- arms, like a pinwheel, that wind outward from the center, composed of dust and stars
Elliptical- look like a flattened ball, they have many stars, but small amounts of gas and dust
Irregular- rarest type of galaxy, and includes all galaxies that are not elliptical or spiral.
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20. The star Gamma Per is about 225 light years (LY = distance light travels in one year) from earth.
Imagine there is intelligent alien life living on a planet that circles this star. Using what you know about the
speed of light and American history, describe what the aliens would be seeing right now if they were looking
at earth.
1785 - horse and buggy, plantations, colonial America
21. Some stars that are in the night’s sky have already died. Explain why we can still see them, even if they
exploded thousands of years ago.
The stars are so far away that it takes millions of years for the light to reach Earth.
22. The picture to the right is of a boat using its foghorn. Describe what is
happening in the picture using the words Doppler effect, high/low pitch, direction
of movement.



The ship is moving from right to left based on the wave pattern
The waves increase in frequency in the direction of the ship (Doppler effect)
The pitch of the foghorn will increase (higher frequency) as the ship approaches and decrease
(lower frequency) as the ship passes by a stationary object.
23. Use the same picture above, but imagine there is a galaxy in place of the boat. Describe what would be
happening using the words Doppler effect, blue/red shift, and direction of movement.


Red shift – the galaxy is moving away
Blue shift – the galaxy is moving toward you
24. When a scientist looks at a galaxy that is 12 billion light years away and is red shifted, what does that
tell you about age and size of the Universe?
The universe is very old, has been expanding and continues to expand.
25. When Doppler was on the train, what was he trying to prove?
The frequency of sound waves increases in the direction of a moving object.
26. What did Hubble do with the Doppler Effect?
Hubble applied the Doppler Effect to movement of stars and galaxies with light. (movement outward from the
center)
28. Cowboys place their ears on the ground when listening for approaching horses. Using what you know about
density and compressional waves, explain why they put their ears on the ground instead of just listening in
the air.
Sound waves travel faster through a dense medium. Ground is denser than air, so you hear the hoof beats in
the ground before hearing them in air.
29 .Talk about the Life Cycle of the Sun. Start with a nebula, and go through a black dwarf.
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Nebula – protostar – main sequence - red giant – white dwarf – black dwarf
30. How would the sun’s life cycle change if its mass increased by 100 times?
Nebula – protostar –main sequence - super red giant – supernova – black hole
31. Can a medium-sized yellow star ever turn into a black hole? Explain.
No – only super high mass stars become black holes.
32. Stars give off tremendous amounts of energy. Where does this energy come from?
The process of turning hydrogen into helium = FUSION! (come together)
(break apart) = Fission
33. What force causes extremely high mass stars to turn into black holes instead of neutron stars?
Gravitational pull
34. What type of energy do stars give off?
Radiant – “rays” from the sun
106
102
Luminosity
Absolute Magnitude
104
1
10-2
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Surface Temperature (K)
2,000
3,500
5,000
6,000
7,500
11,000
20,000
50,000
10-4
5
35. Label the five stars’ temperature (hot, cold) and magnitude (bright, dim).
Top left – hot, bright
top right – cool, bright
middle – mid temp, mid brightness
Bottom left – hot, dim
bottom right – cool, dim
36. Explain the reason why the two stars on the bottom have the same magnitude, yet have different
temperatures.
Size of the star
37. Which of those stars most resembles the sun?
Middle Star- main sequence, the temperature is the same
38. The star in the top right hand corner stands for which category of stars?
Red Giant
39. In the picture above, how are the boxes that have been fired out of the cannon exhibiting kinetic energy?
They have movement.
40. Where is the original potential energy coming from in the picture above?
Chemical energy of the ammunition
41. What would cause the boxes to slow down while in flight?
Gravity, air resistance.
42. Which one of the scientists that you studied would like to put different sized boxes in the cannon and
see the interaction between mass and the force of gravity? What would his results be?
Galileo – results: all objects will fall at the same rate
43. Draw a pendulum and label the greatest potential & kinetic energy:
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55.
N
N
Sun
X
X
How does this picture demonstrate seasons? Label seasons on each hemisphere.
Image courtesy of
the Smithsonian
Astrophysical
Observatory
Seasons are caused by the angle at which the sun hits the earth – When the earth is tilted towards the sun,
the rays of the sun are hitting the earth more directly (greater angle).
56. Explain what causes seasons on Earth.
The tilt and rotation of the Earth
57. Describe the difference between Spring Tides and Neap Tides. Be sure to tie the tides to the
appropriate lunar phase and how often they occur.
Spring tides are stronger. (full and new moon) – because the earth, the sun and the moon are aligned
Neap tides are weaker. (1st and 3rd quarter moons)
58. Identify each phase of the moon on the chart below and draw it as it would appear in the night sky.
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Phase
1.
New Moon
2.
Waxing
Crescent
3.
1st Quarter
Moon
4.
Waxing
Gibbous
5.
Full Moon
6.
Waning Gibbous
7.
Last Quarter
Moon
8.
Waning
Crescent
Drawing
8
7
6
1
5
2
3
4
59. On the diagram above, label the following: New Moon, 1 st Quarter Moon, Full Moon, Last Quarter Moon.
60. The new moon occurs on Dec. 6th. What dates do the 1st Quarter, full moon, and 3rd quarter occur?
Full Moon- 20th
1st Quarter- 13th
3rd Quarter- 27th
61. Define independent variable.
Variable that is being tested, changed, or manipulated.
62. Define dependent variable.
Variable that responds to manipulation (the result). This variable is the one being measured.
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Unit: Minerals and Chemisty
Lessons: Dmitri Did It Again, The –ides Have It, Balanced or Not, What is a Metal, Testing Minerals
56. When mossy zinc is placed in a beaker of hydrochloric acid, the zinc begins to corrode and gas is produced. The reaction can
be expressed as
Zn + 2HCl → H2 + ZnCl2 + (heat)
Inventory the number of atoms present
on the left side of the equation
Inventory the number of atoms present
on the right side of the equation
zinc
hydrogen
chlorine
zinc
hydrogen
chlorine
1
2
2
1
2
2
a. Is the reaction expressed above a balanced equation? Explain your
answer. Yes, because there are the same amount of atoms of each element on either side of the equation
b. What does the arrow in the equation mean? Yields
c. Everything to the left of the arrow is reactancts
d. Everything to the right of the arrow is a
products
57. When heat is released during a reaction, the reaction is said to be
exothermic
58. Some types of reactions absorb heat rather than release it. These are classified as _endothermic_ reactions. (temp.
decreases)
59. Label the following as elements or compounds:
Zn - element
HCl - compound
ZnCl2- compound
Use a periodic table to answer the following 4 questions:
60. Elements on the periodic table may be classified as metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and gases. Using map pencils, color the
metals blue, the nonmetals red, the metalloids green, and the gases yellow. The majority of elements are classified as metals
61. Explain the difference between groups and periods on the periodic table.
Why do elements in the same group behave similarly in chemical reactions?
Group are columns, periods are rows. Elements in the same period have the same number of valence electrons and therefore react
the similarly.
62. Identify all parts of this atom.
What is the atomic number? 10
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electron
9
Name this element. Neon
nucleus
Energy level
Figure 2
63. The chemical formula for the mineral calcite is CaCO3. What three elements make up
of each element are present?
Calcium- 1
Carbon- 1
Oxygen- 3
this compound? How many atoms
64. Potassium is element 19 on the Periodic Table. It is a light weight metal that reacts rapidly with water and air. Based on its
location on the Periodic Table, name two other elements that should have similar properties: Sodium and Rubidium
65. Find the element sulfur on the periodic table.
a. What period is sulfur in? 3
b.
What group is sulfur in? 16
c.
How many protons does it have? 16
d.
Is it a metal, nonmetal, metalloid, or gas? Nonmetal
e.
Does it conduct electricity? no
f.
Is it malleable? no
67. There is a stair-step line on the Periodic Table. What is the significance of that line?
and nonmetals.
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Metalloids: have properties of metals
10