Download AP Psychology Type III CA 1 Fall Pre-Test

 Bremen School District 228 Social Studies Common Assessment #1: Fall Pretest 0241 A.P. Psychology Time ­ 55 minutes; 75 Questions DIRECTIONS:​
Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. ELECTRONIC DEVICES:​
Please keep all electronic devices hidden from sight, as these devices are expressly forbidden during the test. If you are caught using one to cheat, you will receive a zero for the test, and may be subject to further disciplinary action. 1. A psychotherapist who believes that deviant behavior can be traced either to genetic anom​
alies or to problems in the physical structure of the brain most likely subscribes to which of the following views of abnormality? (A)
Cognitive (B)
Behavioral (C)
Biomedical (D)
Sociological (E)
Psychoanalytic 2. A research design involves two randomly assigned groups of participants. One group receives a one­time treatment, and the other does not. Later, the two groups are compared to see whether the treatment had an effect. Psychologists call this kind of research (A)
a correlational study (B)
an experiment (C)
a case study (D)
a survey (E)
a cross­sequential study 3. The area of the brainstem that is important in controlling breathing is the (A)
suprachiasmatic nucleus (B)
cerebellum (C)
limbic system (D)
medulla (E)
hippocampus 4. Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated? (A)
Sleep apnea (B)
Narcolepsy (C)
Insomnia (D)
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder (E)
Somnambulism 5. Balance is influenced by (A)
cochlea (B)
basilar membrane (C)
eardrum (D)
auditory nerve (E)
semicircular canals 1 6. ​
Humanistic psychologists believe that the drive toward self­actualization is (A)
primarily associated with peak experiences (B)
associated with extroversion (C)
typical of older individuals (D)
innate (E)
a developmental task of adolescence 7. The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night­and­day periodicity is referred to as (A)
spontaneous neural activity. (B)
the biofeedback monitor.
(C)
a fixed­interval schedule. (D)
a circadian rhythm. (E)
active consciousness. 8. Visual acuity is best in the (A)
lens (B)
iris (C)
pupil (D)
fovea (E)
cornea 9. The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the (A)
hippocampus (B)
hypothalamus (C)
medulla (D)
reticular formation (E)
cerebellum 10. As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of (A)
motion parallax (B)
retinal disparity (C)
size constancy (D)
continuity (E)
common fate 2 11. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus? (A)
Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors (B)
Receptors, efferent neurons, interneurons, afferent neurons, effectors (C)
Interneurons, effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons (D)
Effectors, interneurons, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons (E)
Effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, effer​
ent neurons, interneurons 12. A study can be regarded as scientific only if (A) it utilizes an effective placebo (B)
its findings are accepted by experts in the field (C)
its findings are consistent with established theories (D)
its conclusions are based on strong correlational data (E)
its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studies 13. Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron? (A)
The nodes of Ranvier (B)
The myelin sheath (C)
The terminal buttons (D)
The soma (E)
The axon 14. In order to yield information that is generalizable to the population from which it was drawn, a sample must be (A)
made up of at least 30 members of the population (B)
as large as possible (C)
normally distributed (D)
representative of the population (E)
made up of at least 50 percent of the members of the population 15. In a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two groups. She asks group A to count the letters in each word, and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words than participants in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in (A)
priming (B)
levels of processing (C)
proactive interference (D)
procedural memory (E)
episodic memory 3 16. In a research study, informed consent is a concern of (A)
replicability (B)
ethics (C)
statistical significance (D)
practical applicability (E)
cross­cultural representativeness 17. The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a (A)
bar graph (B)
normal distribution (C)
histogram (D)
scatterplot (E)
frequency polygon 18. The concept of habituation is best exemplified by which of the following situations? (A)
An infant recognizes her father’s voice. (B)
A college student is no longer kept awake by her roommate’s late­night typing. (C)
A kitten avoids a couch after being reprimanded for sitting on it. (D)
A rat learns to press a bar for food when a red light is flashed. (E)
A motorist drives at the speed limit when there is a police officer in sight on the highway. 19. The reversible figure above illustrates the Gestalt organizing principle of (A)
proximity
(B)
figure­ground (C)
closure (D)
common fate (E)
simplicity 4 20. David Rubel and Torsten Wiesel’s research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that (A)
patterns are recognized exclusively by template matching (B)
many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information (C)
pattern recognition occurs in the lateral geniculate nucleus (D)
the retinal image must be upside down to be recognized (E)
pattern recognition is better in normal­sighted individuals than in nearsighted or farsighted individuals 21. An instructor conducted an experiment to deter​
mine the effects of two different methods of study on the amount students learned in introductory physics. The results showed that the average amount learned by the group using one method was greater than the average amount learned by the group using the other. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion to be drawn? (A)
The group of students attaining the higher mean score had studied more than the other group. (B)
The better study method will have different effects for students of varying levels of ability. (C)
Neither group learned a significant amount. (D)
There is a positive correlation between the results of the two methods. (E)
There is a possibility that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance. 22. Which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose? (A)
Computed tomography (CT) (B)
Electrooculography (EOG) (C)
Electroencephalography (EEG) (D)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (E)
Positron emission tomography (PET) 23. A person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following? (A)
Encoding failure (B)
Social facilitation (C)
Retrograde Amnesia (D)
Repression (E)
The serial position effect 5 24. For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? (A)
The CR occurs after the CS but does not occur after other stimuli. (B)
The CR occurs after a stimulus that is similar to the CS. (C)
The CS and the UCS are repeatedly paired, and the CR gains strength. (D)
The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength. (E)
When the CR loses strength, a rest period is given, after which the CS again elicits the CR. 25. A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating (A)
rote learning (B)
imitation training (C)
discrimination training (D)
stimulus generalization (E)
classical conditioning 26. Which of the following best describes the response of members of the American Psychological Association to ethical issues in research? (A)
They have just begun to address such issues. (B)
They disclaim ethical concerns regarding research. (C)
They have developed codes of ethics for research with human participants only. (D)
They have developed codes of ethics for research with animal subjects only. (E)
They have developed codes of ethics for research with both human participants and animal subjects. 27. John B. Watson is best known as the founder of (A)
behaviorism (B)
functionalism (C)
rationalism (D)
structuralism (E)
mechanism 28. Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells? (A)
Trigeminal and vestibular (B)
Ganglion and vestibular (C)
Bipolar and vestibular (D)
Bipolar and Schwann (E)
Bipolar and ganglion 6 29. Robert Rescorla’s contingency model of classical conditioning states that (A)
conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another (B)
contiguity of stimuli is sufficient for condi​
tioning to occur (C)
reinforcement contingencies predict extinction (D)
any stimulus can become conditioned when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (E)
the only difference between the conditioned response and the unconditioned response is the stimulus used to elicit them 30. In studying the behavior of five year olds in free​
play situations, a cognitive psychologist would be most interested in the children's (A)
problem­solving strategies (B)
toy preferences (C)
degree of cooperative behavior (D)
prosocial play activities (E)
choice of playmates 31. Which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear? (A)
Parasympathetic (B)
Sympathetic (C)
Neostriatum (D)
Somatic (E)
Cortical 32. An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well­being attained in the past. This individual is showing (A)
withdrawal symptoms (B)
alcohol­induced psychosis (C)
state­dependent learning (D)
alcohol tolerance (E)
delirium tremens 33. Which of the following most accurately describes a dependent variable? (A)
Some characteristic of research participants that is constant, such as gender (B)
Some aspect of a participant's response that is measured in an experiment (C)
A factor that is manipulated by the experi​
menter in order to observe its effects on some other factor (D)
A factor that can be used to predict how people in an experiment will respond (E)
A factor that is equated for the experimental and the control group 7 34. All human languages have several basic sounds in common called (A)
pheromones (B)
semantic units (C)
syntactic units (D)
morphemes (E)
phonemes 35. The sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron is called (A)
neural integration (B)
refraction (C)
synaptic transmission (D)
the action potential (E)
differential conduction 36. A technique that enables a person to control physiological responses that are normally involuntary, such as level of blood pressure, is known as (A)
general adaptation (B)
positive reinforcement (C)
reward training (D)
modeling (E)
biofeedback 37. Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort are called (A)
heuristics (B)
algorithms (C)
syllogisms (D)
propositions (E)
concepts 8 38. Which of the following is true of the frequency distributions shown in the graphs above? (A)
Distribution A has more variation than distributions B or C. (B)
Distribution B has more variation than distributions A or C. (C)
Distribution B and distribution C have the same variation. (D)
The standard deviation of distribution A is infinite. (E)
The standard deviation of distribution B is zero. 39. Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction? (A)
Noncontingent (B)
Shaping (C)
Variable ratio (D)
Fixed ratio (E)
Fixed interval 40. The linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Whorf suggests which of the following? (A)
People of different cultures use similar words for common objects. (B)
Languages with many words to describe certain phenomena lack deep structure. (C)
The number of phonemes used in spoken language is universal across cultures. (D)
People of cultures with few words to describe certain phenomena are more precise in their descriptions. (E)
Speakers of different languages think differently due to the differences in their languages. 41. Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as (A)
declarative (B)
semantic (C)
sensory (D)
procedural (E)
repressed 9 42. Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which of the following? (A)
The basal ganglia (B)
Wernicke's area (C)
The substantia nigra (D)
Broca's area (E)
The inferior colliculus 43. Failure to recognize that an object typically not used for a particular purpose can, in fact, serve that purpose illustrates which of the following? (A)
Schema (B)
Functional fixedness (C)
Availability (D)
Insight (E)
Confirmation bias 44. You are at a lecture about the history of psychology and the speaker states that Wilhelm Wundt's theory of structuralism was the first scientific psychological theory. On what historical fact might the speaker be basing her or his argument? (A)
Wundt was internationally known at the time, and this lent credence to his theory in the scientific community. (B)
Wundt studied under Ivan Pavlov for his graduate training, and Pavlov required scientific methods to be used. (C)
Structuralism was based on the results of his introspection experiments, so it is, at least in part, empirical. (D)
Structuralism was based on careful anecdotes gathered from Wundt's extensive clinical career. (E)
Wundt was the first person to study psychology in an academic setting. 45. Jose hypothesizes that a new drug he has just invented will enhance mice's memories. He feeds the drug to the experimental group and gives the control group a placebo. He then times the mice as they learn to run through a maze. In order to know whether his hypothesis has been supported, Jose would need to use (A)
scatter plots. (B)
descriptive statistics. (C)
histograms. (D)
inferential statistics. (E)
means­end analysis. 10 46. Mr. Spam is a 39­year­old male who has been brought into our neurology clinic by his wife. She has become increasingly alarmed by her husband’s behavior over the last four months. You recommended a CAT scan to look for tumors in the brain. Which two parts of the brain would you predict are being affected by the tumors? List of symptoms: vastly increased appetite, body temperature fluctuations, decreased sexual desire, jerky movements, poor balance when walking and standing, inability to throw objects, and exaggerated efforts to coordinate movements in a task. (A)
motor cortex in an emotion cortex (B)
somato­sensory cortex and hypothalamus (C)
hypothalamus and cerebellum (D)
cerebellum and medulla (E)
thalamus and motor cortex 47. If you press on your eyelids, you will “see” colors and flashes of light. If you receive a blow to the side of your head, you will “hear” ringing. Which of the following is one of the reasons producing this effect? (A)
sensory analysis (B)
sensory coding (C)
sensory localization (D)
feature detection (E)
sensory deprivation 48. Operant conditioning is to __________ as classical conditioning is to __________. (A)
Ivan Pavlov; John Watson (B)
B.F. Skinner; Albert Bandura (C)
Ivan Pavlov; B.F. Skinner (D)
B.F. Skinner; Ivan Pavlov (E)
Edward Thorndike; Sigmund Freud 49. Which of the following is the most complete list of elements in the three­box/information­ processing model? (A)
Sensory memory, constructive memory, working memory, and long­term memory. (B)
Short­term memory, working memory, and long­term memory. (C)
Shallow processing, deep processing, and retrieval. (D)
Sensory memory, encoding, working memory, and retrieval. (E)
Sensory memory, working memory, encoding, long­term memory, and retrieval. 50. One of the ways memories are physically stored in the brain is by what process? (A)
Deep processing, which increases levels of neurotransmitters in the hippocampus. (B)
Encoding, which stimulates electric activity in the hippocampus. (C)
Long­term potentiation, which strengthens connection between neurons. (D)
Selective attention, which increases myelination of memory neurons. (E)
Rehearsal, which causes the brain to devote more neurons to what is being rehearsed. 11 51. Although Devin is only 5 feet 5 inches tall, he seems tall when around the rest of his family, who only average a height of 4 feet 10 inches. This effect on perception is commonly referred to as (A)
an allusion. (B)
feedback. (C)
context. (D)
design. (E)
structure. 52. When a student attempts to solve a new puzzle, he/she will most likely use (A)
top­down processing. (B)
bottom­up processing. (C)
perceptual expectancy. (D)
perceptual incongruity. (E)
down­up processing. 53. Which sentence most closely describes neural transmission? (A)
An electric charge is created in the neuron, the charge travels down the cell, and chemicals are released that cross the synapse to the next cell. (B)
A chemical change occurs within the cell, the change causes an electric charge to be produced, and the charge jumps the gap between the nerve cells. (C)
The electric charge produced chemically inside a group of neurons causes chemical changes in surrounding cells. (D)
Neurotransmitters produced in the hindbrain are transmitted to the forebrain, causing electric changes in the cerebral cortex. (E)
Neural transmission is an electrochemical process both inside and outside the cell. 54. The scientific attitude of humility is based on the idea that (A)
Researchers must evaluate new ideas and theories objectively rather than accept them blindly. (B)
Scientific theories must be testable. (C)
Simple explanations of behavior make better theories then do complex explanations.
(D)
Researchers must be prepared to reject their own ideas in the face of conflicting evidence. (E)
Researchers should only conduct experiments that support their own system of beliefs. 12 55. In what way might a behaviorist disagree with a cognitive psychologist about the cause of aggression? (A)
A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might say aggression is caused by a past repressed experience. (B)
A behaviorist might state that aggression is a behavior encouraged by our genetic code, while a cognitive psychologist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior. (C)
A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by an expressed desire to fulfill certain life needs. (D)
A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior. (E)
A behaviorist would not disagree with a cognitive psychologist about aggression because they both believe that aggressive behavior is caused by the way we cognitively process certain behaviors. 56. Which correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship between variables? (A)
+.89 (B)
+.21 (C)
­.75 (D)
­.56 (E)
­.40 57. Caleb threw his tennis racket after losing the match. This expression of anger most likely originated in what part of the brain? (A)
pons (B)
pineal gland (C)
parietal lobe (D)
limbic system (E)
thalamus 58. What is the principal difference between amplitude and frequency in the context of sound waves? (A)
Amplitude is the tone or timbre of a sound, while frequency is the pitch. (B)
Amplitude is detected in the cochlea, while frequency is detected in the auditory cortex. (C)
Amplitude is the height of the sound wave, while frequency is a measure of how frequently the sound waves pass a given point. (D)
Both measure qualities of sound, but frequency is a more accurate measure since it measures the shapes of the waves rather than the strength of the waves. (E)
Frequency is a measure for light waves, while amplitude is a measure for sound waves. 13 59. Try as you might, you are unable to teach your dog to do a somersault. He will roll around on the ground, but he refuses to execute the gymnastic move you desire because of (A)
equipotentiality. (B)
preparedness. (C)
instinctive drift. (D)
chaining. (E)
shaping. 60. Allison can remember her current phone number but has forgotten the phone number at her last residence. This is considered an example of (A)
proactive interference. (B)
retroactive interference. (C)
cue­dependent memory. (D)
state­dependent memory. (E)
number­dependent memory. 61. Which aspect of language is violated by the English sentence, “I to school go.”? (A)
transformational rules (B)
productivity (C)
grammar (D)
syntax (E)
phonics 62. After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This performance illustrates (A)
classical conditioning. (B)
discrimination learning. (C)
observational learning. (D)
latent learning. (E)
vigilant learning. 63. Color blindness in color afterimages are best explained by what theory of color vision? (A)
trichromatic theory (B)
visible hue theory (C)
opponent­process theory (D)
dichromatic theory (E)
binocular disparity theory 14 64. In the brain, I outnumber neurons. I also provide nutrients to the neurons and help remove excess neurotransmitters. I am a (A)
hormone. (B)
myelin sheath. (C)
glial cell. (D)
stem cell. (E)
spinal cell. 65. The scientific attitude in psychology refers to the fact that (A)
psychologists study only observable behaviors (B)
psychologists study thoughts and actions with an attitude of skepticism and derive their conclusions from direct observations. (C)
psychological research should be free of value judgments. (D)
psychological research always contains hindsight bias. (E)
all of these statements are true. 66. The tendency to believe positive or flattering descriptions of yourself is also known as (A)
cognitive dissonance. (B)
critical understanding. (C) the Barnum effect. (D)
uncritical acceptance. (E)
psychometrics. 67. Dr. Psychosomatic is investigating the effects of violent cartoon programs on children’s aggressive play behavior. She has one group of 4­year­olds watch a 30 minute tape of a children’s cartoon containing violence and another group of children the same age watching nonviolent cartoon for the same length of time. Then she has trained observers watch the children at play and obtain aggression scores for each child. In this example, the dependent variable is (A)
the aggression scores (B)
the violent tape (C)
the nonviolent tape (D)
the 4­year­olds (E)
the trained observers 68. Moruzzi and Magoun caused a cat to lapse into a coma by severing neural connections between the cortex and the (A)
reticular formation. (B)
hypothalamus. (C)
thalamus. (D)
cerebellum. (E)
brainstem. 15 69. The blind spot in our eye results from (A)
the lack of receptors at the spot where the optic nerve connects to the retina. (B)
the shadow the pupil makes on the retina. (C)
competing processing between the visual cortices in the left and right hemisphere. (D)
floating debris in the space between the lens and the retina. (E)
retinal damage from bright light. 70. Which researcher studied latent learning? (A)
Kohler (B)
Bandura (C)
Tolman (D)
Watson (E)
Skinner 71. __________ is a fleeting mental image or visual representation. (A)
Iconic memory (B)
Echoic memory (C)
Sensory memory (D)
Short­term memory (E)
Long­term memory 72. The old biographical show “This is Your Life” most likely utilized __________ memory, whereas “Jeopardy” uses __________ memory. (A)
procedural; declarative (B)
declarative; procedural (C)
episodic; semantic (D)
semantic; episodic (E)
episodic; procedural 73. A pigeon can easily be taught to flap its wings to avoid shock but not for food reinforcement. This is most likely so because (A)
pigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their wings to escape aversive events and to use their beaks to obtain food. (B)
shock is a more motivating stimulus for birds than food is. (C)
hungry animals have difficulty delaying their eating long enough to learn any new skill. (D)
an extinguished response will usually recover after a couple of days. (E)
pigeons rarely fly, as they spend the majority of their day using their beaks to feed on food crumbs in urban areas. 16 74. This refers to the illusionary motion perceived when objects are shown in rapidly changing positions (A)
stereoscopic vision (B)
stroboscopic movement (C)
retinal disparity (D)
monocular vision (E)
macular degeneration 75. Susan was in an accident and experienced brain damage resulting in her having problems understanding spoken words. It is probable that she damaged which part of her brain? (A)
the frontal lobe (B)
Broca’s region (C)
Wernicke’s area (D)
Bernake’s region (E)
the temporal lobe 17 AP Psychology Common Assessment #1: Fall Pretest­Answer Key 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. E 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. A 12. E 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. B 17. D 18. B 19. B 20. B 21. E 22. E 23. E 24. D 25. D 26. E 27. A 28. E 29. A 30. A 31. B 32. D 33. B 34. E 35. D 36. E 37. A 38. B 39. C 40. E 41. D 42. D 18 43. B 44. C 45. D 46. C 47. C 48. D 49. E 50. C 51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. D 56. B 57. D 58. C 59. C 60. B 61. D 62. D 63. C 64. C 65. B 66. D 67. A 68. A 69. A 70. C 71. A 72. C 73. A 74. B 75. C 19