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Learner Resource Package
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Recognise healthy body systems
in a health care context
HLTAP301A
Version 1.0
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Health and Aged Services
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Industry Skills Unit
Meadowbank
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HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context
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Acknowledgments
TAFE NSW – Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre would like to
acknowledge the support and assistance of the following people in the production of this resource
package
Writer:
Kylie Brennan
Reviewer/Editor:
Janette Curtin
Project Manager:
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Christine Manwarring
Program Manager
Health and Aged Services
Enquiries:
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Acknowledgements are to be given to the staff at TAFE St George college especially Swee Yeng
Phang for their assistance in the development of these resources.
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Enquiries about this and other publications can be made to:
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TAFE NSW - Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre
Locked Bag No. 6
MEADOWBANK NSW 2114
Tel: 02-9942 3200
Fax: 02-9942 3257
© The State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Training, TAFE NSW, Community
Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre, 2008.
Copyright of this material is reserved to Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum
Centre, TAFE NSW. Reproduction or transmittal in whole or in part, other than for the purposes of
private study or research, and subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act, is prohibited without the
written authority of Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre, TAFE NSW.
978-0-7348-9011-5
HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 1
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN BODY ......................................... 3
TOPIC 2
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM .............................................................................................. 9
TOPIC 3
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ..............................................................................................17
TOPIC 4
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ..................................................................................23
TOPIC 5
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ....................................................................................................31
TOPIC 6
THE SENSORY ORGANS ..................................................................................................37
TOPIC 7
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM. .............................................................................................43
TOPIC 8
THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM ..................................................................................49
TOPIC 9
THE URINARY SYSTEM ......................................................................................................55
TOPIC 10
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM .......................................................................................................59
TOPIC 11
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ...............................................................................................63
TOPIC 12
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM .................................................................................................67
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TOPIC 1
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RESOURCE LIST .........................................................................................................................................73
HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context
TOPIC 1
3
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
HUMAN BODY
As a health care worker who will be providing personal care to a client it is important to have
an understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body to ensure adequate care
is provided.
Definitions:
Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the human body and body parts and their
relationship with one another.
Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
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1. THE ORGANISATION OF THE BODY.
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The human body has different levels of what we call “structural complexity” which can be seen
as a kind of “ladder” going from the basic to the very complex.
At the simplest level, the body is comprised of atoms.
Atoms combine to form molecules.
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Molecules combine to form cells.
Cells combine to form tissues.
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Tissues combine to form organs.
Organs combine to form organ systems or body systems.
Organ systems combine to form the human body.
(Herlihy et al. 2003)
The Cell
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living matter. The human body is made up of
billions of cells all of carrying sizes, shapes and functions. All cells need food, water, and
oxygen to live and function. As cells use or metabolise food and oxygen they give off carbon
dioxide and other wastes.
The cell is comprised of the cell membrane, which is the outer covering. The cell membrane
encloses the cell and helps it hold its shape. It is said to be semi permeable which means that it
chooses the substances that are allowed to cross it (both in and out). The nucleus is the control
centre of the cell that is it directs the cell‟s activities. The cytoplasm is a jelly like substance
that surrounds the nucleus. Suspended within the cytoplasm are several types of Organelles
each with their own specific function. Examples of organelles are mitochondria, lysosomes and
endoplasmic reticulum. Chromosomes are any of the threadlike structures in the nucleus of the
cell. In humans each cell has 46 chromosomes. The genes, which contain genetic material that
controls the inheritance of traits such as hair and eye colour, are located in the chromosomes.
Developed by Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre
© 2008, TAFE NSW
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HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context
ACTIVITY 1
Label the following diagram:
THE CELL
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1.
3.
4.
Developed by Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre
© 2008, TAFE NSW
2.
HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context
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Tissues
As mentioned earlier cells combine to form tissues. The structure of tissues reflects their function.
Types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Function
Protection
Support
Movement
Communication
Example
Skin
Bones
Skeletal
Brain
Organs
Tissues combine to form organs. Each organ has a specific function.
Examples
Function
Circulation
Digestion
Communication/coordination
Reproduction
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Organ
Heart
Stomach
Brain
Uterus
Certain organs combine to form body systems. All of the systems have specialised functions but
they are all closely related to each other.
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Below is a table showing the body‟s systems and some of the organs that belong to each.
System
Integumentary
Organs
Skin , hair , nails
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Circulatory
Heart , blood, veins , arteries , capillaries
Respiratory
Lungs, pharynx, trachea, bronchus ,
bronchioles, alveoli
Musculoskeletal
Bones, muscles
Gastrointestinal
Tongue, oesophagus, stomach liver , pancreas,
gall bladder small and large intestines ,
rectum , anus
Nervous ( including special senses)
Brain , spinal cord, nerves, eyes , ears
Urinary
Kidneys , ureters , urinary bladder, urethra
Reproductive
Male : Testes , scrotum , vas deferens,
prostate , penis
Female : Ovaries , fallopian tubes , uterus ,
vagina
Endocrine
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas
gonads, adrenals glands
Lymphatic /Immune
Lymph glands and vessels, lymph
Developed by Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre
© 2008, TAFE NSW
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HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context
Anatomical terms
Special terms describe the location position and regions of body parts
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Firstly the human body must be pictured in the anatomical position. This is when the body is
standing erect, with the face forward, the arms at the side and the toes and the palms of the
hands directed forward.
A few examples of anatomical terms are listed below:
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Superior means a part is above another part or closer to the head
Inferior means a part is located below another part or closer to the feet
Anterior (ventral) means towards the front surface
Posterior (dorsal) means towards the back surface
Medial means towards the centre of a body or nearest the body midline
Lateral means towards the side or away from the body midline
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© 2008, TAFE NSW
HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context
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Homeostasis
The term homeostasis “refers to the body‟s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in
response to a changing external environment” (Herlihy et al, 2003). For example your body
temperature will stay at around 37°C even when room temperature increases or decreases.
There are mechanisms that assist the body maintain homeostasis and these are called
homeostatic mechanisms. The body has hundreds of these mechanisms which assist with
temperature control, blood pressure regulation and water balance. When these mechanisms
do not work normally the result can be disease or dysfunction.
Body cavities
Cavities are large internal spaces. The body has two major cavities, the dorsal cavity and
the ventral cavity.
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The dorsal cavity is located towards the back of the body and has two divisions the cranial
cavity and spinal (vertebral) cavities. The cranial cavity contains the brain and the spinal
cavity contains the spinal cord.
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The ventral cavity is located towards the front of the body and has two divisions the thoracic
and the abdominopelvic cavity. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the
abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and the heart. The
abdominopelvic cavity consists of two cavities the abdominal and the pelvic. The abdominal
contains such organs as the stomach, liver and kidneys. The pelvic cavity contains such organs
as the urinary bladder and internal parts of the reproductive systems.
Developed by Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre
© 2008, TAFE NSW