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Learner Resource Package PL E Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context HLTAP301A Version 1.0 SA M Health and Aged Services Programs Training and Education Support Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank Product Code: 2561 HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context i Acknowledgments TAFE NSW – Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre would like to acknowledge the support and assistance of the following people in the production of this resource package Writer: Kylie Brennan Reviewer/Editor: Janette Curtin Project Manager: E Christine Manwarring Program Manager Health and Aged Services Enquiries: PL Acknowledgements are to be given to the staff at TAFE St George college especially Swee Yeng Phang for their assistance in the development of these resources. M Enquiries about this and other publications can be made to: SA TAFE NSW - Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre Locked Bag No. 6 MEADOWBANK NSW 2114 Tel: 02-9942 3200 Fax: 02-9942 3257 © The State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Training, TAFE NSW, Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre, 2008. Copyright of this material is reserved to Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre, TAFE NSW. Reproduction or transmittal in whole or in part, other than for the purposes of private study or research, and subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act, is prohibited without the written authority of Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre, TAFE NSW. 978-0-7348-9011-5 HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context v TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 1 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN BODY ......................................... 3 TOPIC 2 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM .............................................................................................. 9 TOPIC 3 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ..............................................................................................17 TOPIC 4 THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ..................................................................................23 TOPIC 5 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ....................................................................................................31 TOPIC 6 THE SENSORY ORGANS ..................................................................................................37 TOPIC 7 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM. .............................................................................................43 TOPIC 8 THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM ..................................................................................49 TOPIC 9 THE URINARY SYSTEM ......................................................................................................55 TOPIC 10 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM .......................................................................................................59 TOPIC 11 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ...............................................................................................63 TOPIC 12 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM .................................................................................................67 M PL E TOPIC 1 SA RESOURCE LIST .........................................................................................................................................73 HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context TOPIC 1 3 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN BODY As a health care worker who will be providing personal care to a client it is important to have an understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body to ensure adequate care is provided. Definitions: Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the human body and body parts and their relationship with one another. Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function. E 1. THE ORGANISATION OF THE BODY. PL The human body has different levels of what we call “structural complexity” which can be seen as a kind of “ladder” going from the basic to the very complex. At the simplest level, the body is comprised of atoms. Atoms combine to form molecules. M Molecules combine to form cells. Cells combine to form tissues. SA Tissues combine to form organs. Organs combine to form organ systems or body systems. Organ systems combine to form the human body. (Herlihy et al. 2003) The Cell The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living matter. The human body is made up of billions of cells all of carrying sizes, shapes and functions. All cells need food, water, and oxygen to live and function. As cells use or metabolise food and oxygen they give off carbon dioxide and other wastes. The cell is comprised of the cell membrane, which is the outer covering. The cell membrane encloses the cell and helps it hold its shape. It is said to be semi permeable which means that it chooses the substances that are allowed to cross it (both in and out). The nucleus is the control centre of the cell that is it directs the cell‟s activities. The cytoplasm is a jelly like substance that surrounds the nucleus. Suspended within the cytoplasm are several types of Organelles each with their own specific function. Examples of organelles are mitochondria, lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum. Chromosomes are any of the threadlike structures in the nucleus of the cell. In humans each cell has 46 chromosomes. The genes, which contain genetic material that controls the inheritance of traits such as hair and eye colour, are located in the chromosomes. Developed by Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre © 2008, TAFE NSW 4 HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context ACTIVITY 1 Label the following diagram: THE CELL SA M PL E 1. 3. 4. Developed by Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre © 2008, TAFE NSW 2. HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context 5 Tissues As mentioned earlier cells combine to form tissues. The structure of tissues reflects their function. Types Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Function Protection Support Movement Communication Example Skin Bones Skeletal Brain Organs Tissues combine to form organs. Each organ has a specific function. Examples Function Circulation Digestion Communication/coordination Reproduction PL E Organ Heart Stomach Brain Uterus Certain organs combine to form body systems. All of the systems have specialised functions but they are all closely related to each other. M Below is a table showing the body‟s systems and some of the organs that belong to each. System Integumentary Organs Skin , hair , nails SA Circulatory Heart , blood, veins , arteries , capillaries Respiratory Lungs, pharynx, trachea, bronchus , bronchioles, alveoli Musculoskeletal Bones, muscles Gastrointestinal Tongue, oesophagus, stomach liver , pancreas, gall bladder small and large intestines , rectum , anus Nervous ( including special senses) Brain , spinal cord, nerves, eyes , ears Urinary Kidneys , ureters , urinary bladder, urethra Reproductive Male : Testes , scrotum , vas deferens, prostate , penis Female : Ovaries , fallopian tubes , uterus , vagina Endocrine Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas gonads, adrenals glands Lymphatic /Immune Lymph glands and vessels, lymph Developed by Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre © 2008, TAFE NSW 6 HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context Anatomical terms Special terms describe the location position and regions of body parts SA M PL E Firstly the human body must be pictured in the anatomical position. This is when the body is standing erect, with the face forward, the arms at the side and the toes and the palms of the hands directed forward. A few examples of anatomical terms are listed below: Superior means a part is above another part or closer to the head Inferior means a part is located below another part or closer to the feet Anterior (ventral) means towards the front surface Posterior (dorsal) means towards the back surface Medial means towards the centre of a body or nearest the body midline Lateral means towards the side or away from the body midline Developed by Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre © 2008, TAFE NSW HLTAP301A Recognise healthy body systems in a health care context 7 Homeostasis The term homeostasis “refers to the body‟s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment” (Herlihy et al, 2003). For example your body temperature will stay at around 37°C even when room temperature increases or decreases. There are mechanisms that assist the body maintain homeostasis and these are called homeostatic mechanisms. The body has hundreds of these mechanisms which assist with temperature control, blood pressure regulation and water balance. When these mechanisms do not work normally the result can be disease or dysfunction. Body cavities Cavities are large internal spaces. The body has two major cavities, the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity. E The dorsal cavity is located towards the back of the body and has two divisions the cranial cavity and spinal (vertebral) cavities. The cranial cavity contains the brain and the spinal cavity contains the spinal cord. SA M PL The ventral cavity is located towards the front of the body and has two divisions the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavity. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and the heart. The abdominopelvic cavity consists of two cavities the abdominal and the pelvic. The abdominal contains such organs as the stomach, liver and kidneys. The pelvic cavity contains such organs as the urinary bladder and internal parts of the reproductive systems. Developed by Community Services, Health, Tourism and Recreation Curriculum Centre © 2008, TAFE NSW