Download Physical Science 1st Semester final Review

Name__________________________________________________ Period____________
Physical Science 1st Semester Exam Review (Folley) 1. What does a line, bar, and circle graph look like? 3. What are the building blocks of all matter? 4. In which step of the scientific method is information obtained through the senses? 5. What happens when the data in an investigation do not support the original hypothesis? 6. What is a physical or mental representation of an object or an event? 7. Why are scientific models important? 8. What is the most important safety rule? 9. What are some safe laboratory procedures? 10. How is 0.00025 written in scientific notation? 11. What conversion factors would you use to change 18 kilometers to meters? 12. What is 1 centimeter equal to? 13. 1 KILOMETER EQUALS _____ METERS 16. In the graph below, what is the responding (dependent) variable? alculateCalculate the slope of the line shown in the graph. SHOW all work, including the two points you use for your calculation & UNITS!!!! Name__________________________________________________ Period____________
18. What are some examples of pure substances? (Know what is NOT a pure substance)? 20. A substance that is made up of only one kind of atom is called a _________________________________. 21. If an unknown substance CANNOT be broken down into simpler substances, it is a ____________________? 22. What is the symbol for aluminum? 23. The symbol for gold is ___________________. 23. If a material contains three elements joined in a fixed proportion, it is called a ___________________________. 24. Give two examples of a mixture. 27. List the characteristics of a mixture. 28. A mixture that appears to contain only one substance is called a ______________________________. 29. What is a heterogeneous mixture and give an example? 30. A mixture can be classified as a solution, suspension, or colloid based on what? 31.You are about to open a container of soy milk but notice that there are instructions to “shake well before serving.” The soy milk is most likely a ________________________________. 32.What does it mean if something is malleable? 33.What is viscosity and know what has high or low viscosity? 35.A material that is malleable and conducts electricity well is most likely a __________________________________. 38.Filtration can be used to separate mixtures based on _____________________________________ 39.What method can be used to separate parts of a liquid mixture when the entire mixture can pass through a filter? Name__________________________________________________ Period____________
40.What is a physical change? (Know what characteristics are NOT part of a physical change? 41.Give 3 examples of a physical change. 42.Flammability is a material’s ability to burn in the presence of __________________________________ 43. A substance that has high reactivity is said to easily to what? 44.What are the 3 clues that a chemical change has occurred? 45.What is a precipitate and what is an example of where one might occur? 48.What properties does a gas have in terms of shape and volume? 50.Matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape is a __________________________________ 51.If you move a substance from one container to another and its volume changes, the substance is a _____________ 52.The Greek philosopher Democritus coined what word for a tiny piece of matter that cannot be divided? 54.If 10 grams of element X combine with 20 grams of element Y to form compound XY, how many grams of element Y would combine with 15 grams of X to form the same compound? 55.What is Dalton’s Law of Definite & Multiple Proportions? (What are the parts of it?) 60.Rutherford’s gold foil experiment provided evidence for what part of the atom? 62. In an atomic model that includes a nucleus, the positive charge looks like what? 63. Name the three sub‐atomic particles and their charges. Name__________________________________________________ Period____________
64. What is true about protons, neutrons, & electrons in terms of their masses? 67.What is unique for any given element? 68.The number of protons in one atom of an element is that element’s _____________________________? 69.To find the number of neutrons in an atom, you would subtract___________________ FROM __________________? 70.Suppose an atom has a mass number of 35. What can you know about the protons & neutrons in that atom? 71.What can you tell about the symbols oxygen‐17 and oxygen‐18? 72. In Niels Bohr’s model of the atom, electrons move around the nucleus like_______________________? 73.What can you assume has happened if an electron moves to a higher energy level? (Hint: energy) 75.The electrons in Bohr’s atomic model moved in fixed _________________________ with energies that vary from level to _________________________________ 77.What does the electron cloud model describe? 78.What is true about electrons and atomic orbitals in terms of # of orbitals in each energy level and the amount of electrons he orbital has? 80.What is the difference between an atom in the ground state and an atom in an excited state? 81.The glowing of a neon light is caused by electrons emitting energy as they do what? 82.Mendeleev arranged the known chemical elements in a table according to increasing 83.In a periodic table, a set of properties repeats from (column to column or row to row). Name__________________________________________________ Period____________
86. The figure to the right shows a portion of a blank periodic table. Identify the segments A
labeled A and B. B
87.Moving from left to right across a row of the periodic table, what value increases by exactly one from element to element? 89.How is the atomic mass of an element determined? (this refers to the decimal number on the periodic table!) (Hint: different neutrons) 90.Make sure you have your colored periodic table with ALL of the following labeled: metals, metalloids, nonmetals, gases, liquids, synthetic, transition elements, and all the groups 1A‐8A. 92. What are some characteristics of metals? 93.The column on the far left of the periodic table contains the ____________________ family? 94.Atoms of the most reactive elements tend to have _________ or _________valence electrons. 95.As you move from left to right across a period, the number of valence electrons does what. 96.Compared with Group 1A elements, Group 7A elements have what? 97.The tendency of an element to react chemically is closely related to its number of _______________________? 98.An alkali metal has one valence electron, while an alkaline earth metal has__________________? 101. List three elements with stable electron configurations? (8 in outer shell) 102.Typically, atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve what? Name__________________________________________________ Period____________
103.In an electron dot diagram, the symbol for an element is used to represent what? ________________ Figure 6‐1 104. Study the electron dot diagrams above for lithium, carbon, fluorine, and neon in Figure 6‐1. Which element out of the four is most stable and WHY!!! 105.Ionization energies tend to _________________ as go across the periodic table and ____________ and you move down a group? 106.The formation of an ionic bond involves the __________________ of electrons. 107. Correctly describe the substance molecules in KI? (how many K atoms and how many I atoms does it have)? 108.In the compound MgCl2, the subscript 2 indicates what? 112. When two atoms of the same nonmetal react, they often form what? 119.The elements most likely to form more than one type of ion are the ____________________ ? 121.Which of the following statements about ions is true? a. All metals form more than one type of ion. b. Many transition metals can form more than one type of ion. c. Halogens form more than one type of ion. d. Alkali metals form more than one type of ion. 123.In the name carbon dioxide, the prefix of the second word indicates that a molecule of carbon dioxide contains HOW many oxygen atoms? 128.An alloy that contains mainly copper and tin is called ________________________? Name__________________________________________________ Period____________
Essay 134. Suppose you want to separate the leaves, acorns, and twigs from a pile of soil. Filtration and distillation are two processes of separating mixtures. Explain which process you would use and why. 137. A sample of calcium contains calcium‐40, calcium‐44, calcium‐42, calcium‐48, calcium‐43, and calcium‐46 atoms. Explain why these atoms can have different mass numbers, but they must have the same atomic number. 139. What is the difference between an orbital and the electron cloud? 140. Explain what the colors in a fireworks display reveal about the movement of electrons in atoms. 141. In a laboratory procedure, you form a useful but highly reactive compound. How could you store the compound so that it will not react? 142. In science lab, your teacher gives you two small pieces of matter and tells you that one piece is a metal and one is a nonmetal. Without changing the size or shape of the pieces, how could you test them to determine which is the metal? (hint: their physical properties) 143. How is an electron dot diagram a useful model for focusing on the chemical properties of an element? Other USING SCIENCE SKILLS Figure 2‐2 144. Based on the data in Figure 2‐2, is Mixture C a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture? Explain your answer. Name__________________________________________________ Period____________
145. Which of the mixtures in Figure 2‐2 is a colloid? Explain how you know. 146. Rank the mixtures in Figure 2‐2 in order of the size of their particles, starting with the mixture with the smallest particles. 147. Why can’t Mixture B in Figure 2‐2 be separated by filtration? What method might be used to separate the substances in Mixture B? 152. Why do you think the proton was discovered before the neutron? (Hint: Consider the properties of protons and neutrons.) USING SCIENCE SKILLS 158. Classify the elements in the figure to the right as metals, metalloids, or nonmetals. Explain your answer. Figure 5‐2 154. Which of the elements shown in Figure 5‐2 are in the same period? 155. Which element in Figure 5‐2 is a transition metal? Which is a noble gas? 156. Which elements in Figure 5‐2 have the same number of valence electrons? How do you know? 157. Based on what you know about elements and the periodic table, compare and contrast the elements beryllium, Be, and iodine, I, which are shown in Figure 5‐2. Name__________________________________________________ Period____________
Chemistry Science Skills Review 1. You should be able to discuss the steps of the scientific method. Give a brief description of the steps in the space provided. 2. You should be familiar with lab safety procedures. In the space below, list 5 important safety rules/procedures which must be followed in the lab. 3. In the space below, write the rules used for counting significant figures and indicate how many significant digits are in each of the numbers 10.1 ______ 0.980 ______ 101 ______ 10,000 ______ 30.0 ______ 0.0002 ______ 4. Should be able to graph data obtained from an experiment using the guidelines learned in class (title, label x and y axis with units, determine an appropriate scale, draw a best straight line or curve). Using a piece of graph paper, please graph the following data: Distance (meters) Time (seconds) 0.0 1.0 50.0 5.0 90.0 9.0 120.0 12.0 Calculate the slope of the line you just graphed. Show your work in the space below. (remember, in science you need more than just a number for an answer… put units on your answer!!!) Name__________________________________________________ Period____________
5. Should be able to convert units within the metric system using your knowledge of metric prefixes. Please convert the following: K H D U D C M a. 3.0 meters = _________________cm b. 50.0 grams = ________________ kg c. 600.0 milliliters = ______________ liters d. 25.3 kilometers = _________________ mm 6. Should be able to convert units between the metric and English systems given the proper conversion factor. a. 24.5 centimeters = ________________ inches (1 in = 2.54 cm) b. 13.5 meters = _________________ feet (1 meter = 3.28 feet) c. 355 liters = __________________ gallons (1.0 liters = 0.264 gallons) 7. Classify the matter below as either a pure substance or a mixture. If you believe that it is a pure substance, write down whether it is an element or a compound. If you believe that it is a mixture, write down whether or not is homogeneous or heterogeneous. a. Table salt (NaCl) _______________ _______________ b. Salad _______________ _______________ c. Air _______________ _______________ d. Carbon _______________ _______________ e. Koolaid _______________ _______________ 8. For the examples below, write down whether it is a physical change or a chemical change. a. Burning wood ________________________ b. Cutting a piece of paper ________________________ c. Water boiling ________________________ d. Rust forming on a fence ________________________ 9. Fill in the spaces below for the characteristics of the three states of matter found on earth. Shape Volume State _____________ Definite __________ Liquid ____________ __________ _____________ ____________ Not definite 10. Give a brief statement about how each individual/group assisted in the development of the atomic theory a. Aristotle b. Dalton c. Thomson d. Rutherford e. Bohr Name__________________________________________________ Period____________
11. Using the periodic table, fill in the chart below. Please assume that all the elements are neutrally charged. Element Atomic Mass Number Number of Number of Number of Symbol Number Protons Electrons Neutrons 82 207 37 85 6 12 80 201 13 27 12. Please draw the electron dot diagrams for each of the following elements: Sodium Oxygen Neon 13. Using the electron configuration sheet to help you (on the back of your periodic table), write down the electron configurations (hint: 1s, 2s, 2p, etc. )for the following elements: Barium _________________________________________________________ Argon _________________________________________________________ Gold __________________________________________________________ 14. Fill in the chart below dealing with ionic charge. Remember that the isotope/ion symbol has the element symbol surrounded by the atomic number, the mass number, and the ionic charge. Atomic Mass Number Number of Number of Number of Isotope/Ion Number Protons Electrons Neutrons Symbol 13 27 10 7 14 10 19 39 18 17 35 18 20 40 18 15. What is the difference between atomic mass and mass number? Which number is on the periodic table? Name__________________________________________________ Period____________
16. How many energy levels are in the following elements? Kr _____ Am _____ Be _____ Ra _____ He _____ Si _____ 17. How many valence electrons do each of these elements have? Cs _____ N _____ Ga _____ Xe _____ H _____ C _____ 18. Are the following elements metals, nonmetals, or metalloids? S _____ Mg _____ Fe _____ Cl _____ Au _____ Si _____ 19. Are the following solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature? Hg _____ Cl _____ Al _____ Mg _____ I _____ Pb _____ 20. Write the formulas for the following ionic compounds. Barium bromide ___________________ Copper (II) phosphide ___________________ 21. Write the name of the ionic compounds in the space provided. Be sure the use roman numerals to indicate charge on the cations that are transition metals. a. _______________________________ PbCl b. _______________________________ CaBr c. _______________________________ FeO 22. Look at the following chemical compounds. Indicate whether the bond is ionic or covalent. a. LiCl ____________________ b. NH ____________________ c. P F ____________________ d. Cu (NO ) ____________________