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Hoffman Biology Chapter 2
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1.
4
macromolecule
groups
carbohydrates; lipids; nucleic acids; proteins
23.
isotope
atoms of the same element with the same
number of protons and a different number
of neutrons
2.
acid
any compound that produces H+ ions
24.
lipids
3.
activation
energy
the energy needed to start a chemical
reaction
4.
amino acids
monomers for proteins, made of the amino
group, the carboxyl group and the R-group
(the only part that changes)
monomers are glycerol and fatty acids;
contain C,H and a little O; functions- stored
energy, makes cell membranes, insulation,
chemical messengers
25.
macromolecules
large molecules formed from many small
molecules
5.
atoms
the building blocks of matter, unable to be
cut
26.
molecule
smallest unit of most compounds
27.
monomer
small building block of all macromolecules
6.
base
any compound that produces hydroxide ions
(OH-)
28.
monosaccharide
monomers for carbohydrates; single sugar,
end in -ose (glucose),
7.
buffer
weak acid or base that prevents sharp
swings in pH
29.
neutral
substance
a substance at 7 on the pH scale, example
is water
8.
carbohydrates
monomers are simple sugars
(monosaccharides); contain C,H,O in 1:2:1
ratio; function- major source of energy for
most living things
30.
neutron
part of atom with no charge in the nucleus
31.
nucleic acids
monomers are nucleotides; contain
C,H,O,N,P; function- store and transmit
genetic information ex. RNA & DNA
32.
nucleotide
monomomer for nucleic acid, made of
sugar, phosphate and a base
33.
nucleus
the center of the atom
34.
pH scale
scale that describes how acidic or basic a
substance is
9.
carbon
an element that can bond with four other
elements and form unlimited chains; found in
all living things
10.
catalyst
lowers the amount of activation energy
required to begin a chemical reaction
chemical
reaction
process that changes or transforms
elements or compounds
35.
polymer
a large molecule - made of many monomers
12.
compound
two or more elements chemicaly combined
36.
polysaccharide
many sugars linked
13.
covalent bonds
when electrons are shared between two
atoms
37.
product
14.
dehydration
synthesis
reaction where monomers are made into
polymers by removing water; BUILDS
molecules
what is made from a chemical reaction,
everything on the right side of the arrow in
a reaction
38.
proteins
15.
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, includes bases
adenine thymine, guanine, cytosine
monomers are amino acids; contain
C,H,O,N; function-structural support in
bone & muscle, makes part of cell
membranes, hormones, antibodies,
enzymes
16.
electron
negatively charged particle of an atom that
orbits around the nucleus
39.
proton
positively charged part of an atom in the
nucleus
17.
element
a pure substance with only one type of atom
40.
reactant
18.
enzyme
acts like a catalyst in living things because
it speeds up reactions in cells; end in -ase
(ex. lactase), made from proteins
what goes into the reaction; everthing on
the left side of the arrow in a reaction
19.
glycerol and
fatty acids
monomers for lipids
20.
hydrolysis
reaction where complex substances are
broken down by adding water, BREAKS down
molecules
21.
ion
formed when an atom loses or gains an
electron; if it loses an electron a + ion is
formed (ex, Na+) and if if gains an electron a
- ion is formed (ex. Cl-)
22.
ionic bonds
when one or more electrons are transferred
from one atom to the other
11.