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Transcript
Nervous System Complete the nervous system fact sheet The nervous system works by chemical or electrical impulses Be familiar with the parts of a neuron! The axon of one neuron connects to the dendrite of another. The space between the axon & dendrite is a synapse. Neurotransmitters travel through the synapse from the axon terminal to the dendrite, continuing the message in the new neuron. Nervous System Video Nervous system: Crash Couse https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPix_X-9t7E Be familiar with the parts & functions of the brain! Endocrine System Endocrine System: A collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things. Endocrine System Video Crash Course: Endocrine system (1:39-6:04) https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=eWHH9je2 zG4 Glands of the Endocrine system Function of each gland: • Pituitary gland – regulates other endocrine glands; secretes growth hormone. • Thyroid – regulates metabolic rate. • Thymus – assists in development of immune system. • Adrenal gland – regulates fluid and sodium balance; emergency warning system under stress. • Ovary – controls development of secondary sex characteristics and functioning of sex organs. • Testis - controls development of secondary sex characteristics and functioning of sex organs. • Pancreatic islets – helps regulate blood sugar. • Pineal gland - believed to regulate biorhythms and moods and stimulate the onset of puberty. Who’s the boss?? • Pituitary gland – regulates other endocrine glands; secretes growth hormone. I’m hungry! Thyroid – regulates metabolic rate Fight or flight! Adrenal gland – regulates fluid and sodium balance; emergency warning system under stress SUGAR! Pancreas – helps regulate blood sugar. Groovy Baby Ovary & Testis – controls development of secondary sex characteristics and functioning of sex organs. Key steps in the endocrine system: 1.Endocrine glands secrete a hormone into your blood 2.The bloodstream carries the hormones to a specific location (organ or receptor) 3.The hormones give specific instructions to your body Thumbs up or thumbs down 1. The endocrine system in our bodies is like the mail system, and hormones are like letters that get delivered by our bloodstream. 2. Hormones go to a specific place in our body and tell our body what to do. 3. The thymus gland helps regulate your metabolism. 4. Your pancreas helps regulate blood sugar levels. 5. The hypothalamus is the boss of the endocrine system. True! True! False! True! False! Endocrine System – Mail system matching Endocrine System Bloodstream Hormone Organ or receptor Endocrine gland Mail System Mailbox or target destination Message or letter Person who wrote the letter Mail carrier Endocrine System – Mail system matching Endocrine System Bloodstream Hormone Organ or receptor Endocrine gland Mail System Mailbox or target destination Message or letter Person who wrote the letter Mail carrier Feedback Loops Negative feedback Negative Feedback is a reaction that causes a decrease in function in order to return the body to its original state (homeostasis!!!) ◦Partially controlled by hormones ◦Ultimately controlled by the nervous system Negative feedback Occurs in three steps: 1. Sensor detects change in environment 2. Regulatory Center activates an effector 3. Effector reverses the changes 25 Regulation of Body Temperature Regulation of blood sugar level What do you notice about all of the negative feedback images??? They are all circular! Positive feedback Process that continues to amplify your body’s response to a stimulus. Opposite of negative feedback! Non Science Example - You study and do really well on a test. Your parents are proud and your teacher compliments you on your work, spurring you to work harder and get even better grades. As your grades improve, you try even harder and find your grades getting better & better. Positive feedback Positive Feedback: ◦Does not result in equilibrium ◦Does not occur as often as negative feedback Examples: ◦Childbirth ◦Blood Clotting Feedback Animation http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_biol ogy_7/media/interactivemedia/activities/load.html? 1&E Immune System Organs Major Organs Two systems: Innate & Acquired Innate Acquired Innate Immunity Immediate defenses you are born with that prevent/fight infection • Always ready • Non-specific defense • Ex. Skin, mucus, chemicals in blood Innate Immunity Phagocytes (eating cells) – cells that engulf pathogens • Macrophages • Inhibits the spread of a virus or cancer Innate Immunity • Inflammation • Histamine is a chemical signaling molecule stored in mast cells • Causes enhanced blood flow to the infection site – (aka redness, heat and swelling) • Attracts phagocytes – makes pus (filled with white blood cells) Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity ◉ Called into action against pathogens that have penetrated your innate immune defences. ◉ Use specialized defense cells (T-cells & Bcells) that “adapt” to the presence of infectious agents. ◉ These cells have an immunological memory – they remember specific foreign molecules called antigens. Innate vs. Acquired Practice Innate = Acquired = 1. Your skin blocking a virus from entering. 2. Killer T-Cells targeting a specific infected cell. 3. Macrophages engulfing pathogens. 4. Requires some time to get ready. 5. Mucus lining blocking a pathogen. 6. Body defense that is always ready. Cell-mediated Why does your response Cell-mediated: body Kills infected need & Humoral response both cells the Cell-mediated Antibody-mediated: response and the AntibodyKills mediated response? pathogens Key vocabulary Macrophage: Non-specific cells that engulf pathogens B-Cells: Produce antibodies Pathogen: Name for any disease causing microorganism Antibodies: Recognize and bind to pathogens, making them a target for destruction by macrophages Memory B-Cells: Remember a specific pathogen so that your body produces faster antibodies in future infections Killer T-Cells: Kill specific infected cells Helper T-Cells: Activate and recruit other cells to help defend the body How do vaccines work?? Based on what we just annotated, how do you think vaccines are related to our body’s immune response? Immunity & Vaccines explained: ◉ https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=pOzWoetMkqQ