Download ISN III: Building Atoms and Organizing Matter

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ISN III: Building Atoms and Organizing Matter
Page
Item
Check In
Value
68 -76
4
3-6
Mini-Rutherford Activity, Video Guide, LHC
4
Text
77-79
4
7-9
Isotopes & Practice Atoms
4
Atom Factory 1
9
12
Atomic Math
2
13
Atom Factory 2
20
What are Ions? & Atomic Dimensions
2
10-11
14-15
16
17-18
Atom Factory 3
sticker here
Elements 2 Know & Parts of Atoms
17
2
19
Quarks
sticker here
4
20
Atoms Review
4
Text
80-82
4
Text
82-87
4
Text
88-91
2
Text
92-95
2
Text
96-98
2
Text
99-105
4
Text
106--113
4
21-24
Periodic Table and Synthetic Elements
5
Parent signature night before quiz
5
TOTAL 108
1
Parent signature ___________________________________date_______________
Text
Pts. Lost
Updated Things 2 Know
1.
SAFETY FIRST!! (lab walk, fragile things, P.A.S.S., etc)
2.
You are required to have a pencil or erasable pen, ISN with
cover, and calculator everyday.
3.
Any missed labs or in class work should be made up in my
room during lunch with Mr. Sato or tutorial with Mrs. Stout as
soon as possible after an absence.
4.
Sato’s email address: [email protected]
5.
Sato’s web site: www1.northbrook28.net/~asato
6.
Matter is made of tiny particles that are always in some
motion.
7.
Matter can exist in several states, the most common are solid,
liquid, gas and plasma.
8.
Temperature is how fast the particles are vibrating and ...
9.
Thermal Energy is how many particles there are and how fast
they are moving.
10.
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy.
11.
An element is the most basic type of matter that is still unique.
2
Atom Basics
n
Protons- have a positive one electrical charge (+1). Found in the
nucleus
Neutrons - neutral or zero charge (n or 0). Found in the nucleus
Electrons- have a negative one charge(-1). Found outside of nucleus
in energy clouds or energy levels. The dotted line in the figure above
represents the energy level.
Atomic Number- is the number of protons, and is the identifying
part of the atom. All atoms of the same element have the same
atomic number.
Mass Number= the number of protons plus number of neutrons
Isotopes: Atoms with the same amount of protons, but different
numbers of neutrons. These are basically, slightly different versions
of the same element. The mass number is added to the name to
identify the isotope, like Carbon-14
Charge = number of protons minus number of electrons
Ions: Atoms or molecules with a positive or negative charge due to
more or less electrons.
3
Sizes of Particles
Mini- Rutherford Activity
Draw the shape that you deduce is hidden under the board.
Use the marbles to “sense” the objects
Newton
Galileo
Curie
Hawking
Carson
Carver
4
Atom and Elements Video Guide
1.________________________ are the basic building blocks of all matter, living or
non-living.
2.Each atom is made up of ____________________ that spin around the nucleus
made up of _____________________ & _____________________.
3.Atoms are roughly the same ________________.
4.The _______________________ nuclear force holds the nucleus together.
5.The protons give the nucleus a ____________________________ charge.
6.The ___________________________ is very dense and contains most of the
mass of the atom.
7. The protons and neutrons are made up of even smaller particles called
_________________.
8._________________________ and ________________________ are
considered to be that smallest particles in the universe.
9.The _____________________________ force holds the electrons in their orbits.
10. ______________________________ is the most prevalent (common) element
in the universe.
11.Hydrogen has the atomic number 1 because it has ________ proton. It’s
symbol is ________.
12. _____________ electrons can fit in the first shell. ____________ electrons fit in
the 2nd and 3rd shell.
13.______________________ have the same atomic number but different atomic
mass and mass number.
14.If atoms lose or gain an electron they are called
_____________________________
WORD BANK:
electrons, protons, neutrons, size, hydrogen, ions, isotopes, strong,
electromagnetic, atoms, positive, quarks, one, two, eight, H, nucleus
5
PICTURE 1
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was built by the European Organization for
Nuclear Research (CERN) with the intention of testing various predictions of
high-energy physics, including the existence of new particles predicted by
supersymmetry. It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometers (17 mi) in circumference, as
much as 175 meters (570 ft) beneath the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva,
Switzerland. It is funded by and built in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists
and engineers from over 100 countries as well as hundreds of universities and
laboratories. Picture 1 shows the LHC from the air, Picture 2 is one place
where the particles actually collide. Pictures 3 and 4 are images of the
collisions
PICTURE 2
PICTURE 3
6
PICTURE 4
ISOTOPES
Atoms of the same element always have the same number of protons. But, different
versions of atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. The
different possible versions of each element are called isotopes. For example, the most
common version or isotope of hydrogen, called hydrogen-1, has no neutrons at all;
there's also a hydrogen isotope called hydrogen-2 , with one neutron, and another,
hydrogen-3, with two neutrons. Here are the nuclei of those isotopes. + for Proton n,
for Neutron, - for electron. Notice that all have 1 proton because the atomic number is
1 for all atoms of hydrogen.
hydrogen-1
+
hydrogen-2
hydrogen-3
n
n +
n +
Neutrons
Here are some Frequently Asked Questions (and answers)
Question 1: How many isotopes can one element have?
The number of isotopes varies from atom to atom. The average number of stable
isotopes is 3.2 per element. But some have only 1 and others up to 10.
Question 2: Can an atom have just any number of neutrons?
No, there are only a few combinations of neutrons and protons when the forces
holding nuclei together seem to balance best. Light elements tend to have about as
many neutrons as protons; heavy elements apparently need more neutrons than
protons in order to stick together. Atoms with a few too many neutrons, or not quite
enough, can sometimes exist for a while, but they're unstable
Question 3: I'm not sure what you mean by "unstable." Do atoms just fall apart if they don't
have the right number of neutrons?
Well, yes, in a way. Unstable atoms are radioactive : their nuclei change or decay
by spitting out radiation , in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves.
7
ISOTOPES
The table below lists all of the stable isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen. Refer to
the table to answer the questions that follow.
Atomic Mass
Isotope Name
% in Nature
Atomic Number Mass Number
units are atomic mass
units (amu)**
Hydrogen-1
99.9985
1.00783
1
1
Hydrogen-2
0.0015
2.00141
1
2
✣
Hydrogen-3
trace*
unknown
1
3
Carbon-12
98.8900
12.00000
6
12
Carbon-13
1.1100
13.00300
6
13
✣
Carbon-14
trace*
unknown
6
14
Nitrogen-14
14.00307
7
14
99.6360
Nitrogen-15
0.0036
15.00011
7
15
*trace means a very small quantity, too small to be accurately measured
**amu is for atomic mass unit, a unit of mass used for atomic and molecular weights.
✣ radioactive
1. What does the term isotope mean?
2. How many stable isotopes does hydrogen have? Circle answer: ONE TWO THREE
3. How many stable isotopes does nitrogen have? Circle answer: ONE TWO THREE
4. Which isotopes of each of the three elements are the most common in nature?
5. Which isotopes have scientists not been able to determine the atomic mass of and why do
you think this is?
6. According to the table, how are isotopes named?
7. What is the atomic number for all the isotopes of hydrogen?_________
8. What is the atomic number for all the isotopes of carbon? __________
9. What is the atomic number for all the isotopes of nitrogen? __________
10.One of these isotopes has been used by scientists as a standard for the atomic mass unit
(amu) Guess which one and explain your reasoning.
8
Practice Atoms
• Electron orbitals
• Number of Protons
3+
3n
• Number of Neutrons
• Nucleus
• Electrons
A) Hydrogen-2
C) H-3
+
n
+
n
B) Hydrogen-1
D) Lithium-5
+
n
+
n
9
Atom Factory Instructions
READ ME
Work by yourself to complete the Atom Factory
#1 Lab on the computers. Don’t ask questions
until you’ve tried REAL hard...
hint the number of protons = electrons, for now
1. Log in as student (if needed)
2. Connect to your server
3. Click on Atom Factory 1 on the links page.
4. Open the downloaded file
5. SAVE the file to Your Server folder or Jump Drive
6. Put your name in the header at the top
7. Read all instructions on the computer copy.
8. Complete both pages on the Computer
9. Save and print to 226-Science
10.Cut out and put over this page and on the next
page. YES COVER THIS PAGE WITH PAGE 1
11.Check your work with Mr. Sato after putting the
printout into the ISN.
10
page 2 of Atom Factory 1 here
11
Atomic Math
Calculate the answers , EACH ANSWER LEADS TO THE NEXT. e number of
electrons is the same as the number of protons.
1. Multiply the atomic number of hydrogen by the number of electrons in mercury
answer:___________
2. Divide this number by the number of neutrons in helium-4.
answer:___________
3. Add the number of protons in potassium to the answer to #2
answer:___________
4. Add the mass number of the most common isotope of carbon.
(see Isotopes on ISN 8)
answer:___________
5. Subtract the number of neutrons in sulfur-32.
answer:___________
6. Divide by the number of electrons in boron-11.
answer:___________
7. is number is the atomic number of which of these elements ?
fluorine: atomic number 9
neon: atomic number 10
sodium: atomic number 11
final answer:_______________
12
Atom Factory 2
Attach Here
13
What are ions?
ion (pronounced: “EYE-on”)
An atom (or group of atoms)that has either lost or gained one or more
electrons, so that it has an electrical charge. Ions are either positively or
negatively charged.
A neutral atom( or group of atoms) becomes an ion by gaining or losing one
or more electrons. Since the electron and proton have equal but opposite
charges(negative 1 and positive 1), the charge of an ion is always
expressed as a whole number of charge and is either positive or negative.
If an atom or group of atoms loses electrons it will have a net positive
charge and is called a cation(cat-eye-on). If an atom or group gains
electrons or loses protons, it will have a net negative charge and is called
an anion(an-eye-on).
Let’s take a Lithium (Li) atom. It has an atomic number of 3. That means it
has 3 protons. Each proton in positively charged. For Lithium to have zero
net or overall charge it must have a balanced number of negatively
charged electrons, thus it needs 3 electrons to be electrically neutral,
demonstrated here.
14
Atomic Dimensions
The table below contains information about several elements. Use this
table to review the concepts of atomic number, mass number, subatomic
particles, isotopes, ions, neutrality and atoms. In each case, use the
information has provided for you and a periodic table to fill in all the
blanks.
#
1
Aluminum
2
Bromine
35
3
Uranium
92
4
Helium
2
4
5
Helium
2
5
2
6
Lithium
3
7
2
7
Tungsten
8
Xenon
9
Magnesium
12
10
Carbon
6
11
Carbon
12
Nitrogen
7
14
0
13
Potassium
19
40
-2
14
Gold
197
-3
15
Sodium
22
0
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Mass
Number
Number
Number of Number of
of
neutrons Electrons
Protons
Element
Name
27
13
80
Charge
13
45
36
146
92
-1
184
110
74
79
54
24
0 or
neutral
+2
14
6
6
0
8
+3
The “Full name” of question #2 is -1 bromine-80
16. What is the “full name” of number #4? ___________________________
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Atom Factory 3
Attach here
16
ELEMENTS 2 KNOW
Use the Elements Names & Symbols
on Quia to study and know the names
and symbols for this list.
Mn
manganese
Fe iron
H hydrogen
He helium
Li lithium
Co cobalt
Be beryllium
Ni nickel
B boron Cu copper
C carbon
Zn zinc
N nitrogen Pb lead
O oxygen
Bi bismuth
F fluorine
Br bromine
Ne neon 17
Sr strontium
Na sodium
Ag silver
Mg
magnesium
Sn tin
Al aluminum
I iodine
Si silicon
P phosphorus
S sulfur
Cl chlorine
Ar argon
K potassium
Ca calcium
Cr chromium
Ba barium
W tungsten Pt platinum
Au gold
Hg mercury U uranium
What are the parts of an atom?
Complete the following. Use Text pages and ISN 3 for help.
1. The first scientist to suggest that atoms contain smaller particles
was_____________.
2. Positively charged particles are called____________________.
3. Bohr proposed that electrons in an atom are found in
_________________________.
4. Negatively charged particles are called_______________
5. Rutherford found that an atom is made up mostly of_____________________
6. The center, or core, of an atom is called the ______________________
7. Surrounding the core of an atom is a cloud of very small particles called
______________
8. Today, orbitals and energy levels are used to predict the location of
___________________.
9. Neutral particles are called ____________________
10. Rutherford found that___________________are located in the core of an
atom.
Write "Yes" or "No" in the correct columns to identify whether each statement is
true for protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Proton
1. Found in the nucleus
2. Positively charged
3. Moves in orbitals around nucleus.
4. Negatively charged
5. Does not have an electric charge
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Neutron
Electron
QUARKS & Other Weird Particles
As you have read, many scientists have contributed to our knowledge of atoms
and particles even smaller than atoms. From the early ideas of Democritus to
the modern Cloud model of atoms, we have made quite a journey! This has
been the journey to answer a “simple” question...What is the fundamental
particle?
In other words, what is the most basic particle of matter? The smallest
thing? The thing that can’t be broken down any further? We have discovered
protons, neutrons and electrons. Great, but scientists weren’t finished yet! In the
1930s, 40s, and 50s nuclear physicists studied the forces that held atoms
together. The field of Particle Physics developed as an outgrowth of this
investigation. These scientists were interested in the make-up of nuclear
particles, like protons & neutrons. However, to study these particles, great
energy had to be generated. Giant accelerators were built, like the one at Fermi
Lab in Batavia, Illinois, just 50 miles southwest from Northbrook and the Large
Hadron Collider in France/Switzerland. Particles were accelerated at
tremendous speed and then shot at a target or directed into the path of another
particle traveling in the opposite direction. As a result of these collisions,
hundreds, yes hundreds, of new particles were discovered that were smaller than
protons & neutrons. Therefore, protons and neutrons are not the fundamental
particles either. Quarks are particles that make up protons and neutrons.
Here are some of the weird names of other particles: hadrons, leptons, quarks,
neutrinos, muons(moo-ons), positrons, photons, gluons(glue-ons), and Higgs
bosons. Currently we know of 36 types of quarks and 12 types of
leptons(including electrons). These particles, quarks & leptons are all about the
same size and so far we have not been able to break these particles apart.
Particle physicists are striving to find a link between the particles and the four
forces. This is called the Unification Theory, even Einstein couldn’t figure this
one out! The four forces are gravity, electromagnetic, weak, and strong. Gravity
is the attraction of all matter to all other matter. The electromagnetic force is the
attraction or repulsion of charged(positive or negative) matter. The weak force is
responsible for radioactive decay of a nucleus. The strong force is the force that
hold quarks and the nucleus of atoms together.
The answer to this seemingly simple question is closer than ever before, but also
much more complex. Scientists are hard at work all over the world trying to find
the final answer! Maybe you will help to lead the world to the final answer...
Question for Quia:
Will we ever find out what is the fundamental particle? In other words, what is
the most basic particle of matter? Explain your answer on Quia in a few
sentences.
Click on Quiz: QUARK QUESTION to answer in QUIA.
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Review Write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
1.
The positively charged particle in an
atom’s nucleus is the
A electron
B neutron
C proton
D isotope
2.
An element’s identity can only be
determined from its
A atomic number
B number of neutrons
C number of isotopes
D energy levels
3.
The smallest particle an element
can be divided into and still be the
element is the ...
A electron
B neutron
C isotope
D atom
4.
The model of the atom that described
electrons scattered throughout a ball of
positive charge was proposed by
A Niels Bohr
B Ernest Rutherford
C J. J. Thomson
D John Dalton
If the statement is true, write T. If the statement is false, change the underlined word
or words to make the statement true.
5. ______________An element’s mass number tells the number of protons in its
nucleus.
6.____________Negatively charged particles in an atom are called electrons.
7.__________The cloud model of the atom describes the location of electrons as
specific orbits around the nucleus.
8._________Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of
neutrons are called isomers.
9.__________The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom is called the
atomic number.
10._________An object that helps explain ideas about the natural world is called a
model.
11.How many different isotopes can an element have?
Give the Element Symbol:
Give the Element Name:
12.Hydrogen ___________
15. W _____________________
13.Oxygen
___________
16. Au _____________________
14.Lead
___________
17. Mg _____________________
20
Periodic Table Assignment
1. Use Periodic Table and Textbook to Color in the following table.
2. Write in all the symbols. Put a star in the boxes of the Metalloids
3. Color the following lightly so you can still see the symbol and #.
4. If you need to substitute colors, make a note on this list.
5. Find information for each family with information from Text or Internet.
Halogen family- Blue
Carbon family- Yellow
Hydrogen alone- Light blue
Alkaline Earth Metals-
Red
Alkali Metals-
Orange
Transition Metals- White
Inert (Noble) Gases-
Purple
Lanthanide Series- Light Green
Actinide Series- Green
Oxygen Group
Brown
Nitrogen Group Grey
Boron group
Red-orange
21
22
Synthetic Elements
As of today, there are 117 known elements. Opinions differ, but about 93 occur naturally
on earth (including technetium and plutonium), and 94 (including promethium) have been
detected so far in the universe. The other elements not found on earth are made
artificially; the first claim of a synthesized element was technetium, in 1937. Later, trace
amounts of naturally occurring technetium were found. Scientists have been hard at work
attempting to produce new elements since that time. The first transuranium element
(element with atomic number greater than 92) discovered was neptunium in 1940. The
heaviest element that has been found to date is element 118, ununoctium, which was
successfully synthesized on October 9, 2006, in Russia. Element 117, ununseptium, has not
yet been created or discovered, although its place in the periodic table is pre-established,
and likewise for possible elements beyond 118.
In order to study and better understand the characteristics and properties of the
elements, scientists have organized them on a special chart known as the periodic table.
Uranium is element 92 on this table. Most of the synthetic elements have numbers greater
than 92 and are thus called the transuranic elements. All synthetic elements exist for very
short periods of time, are incredibly expensive to produce, and are radioactive.
To produce a new element, a scientist places atoms of a naturally occurring element in a
device called a particle accelerator. (like the one at Fermi labs in Illinois and the LHC at
CERN) These atoms are bombarded by other atoms or parts of other atoms moving at
incredibly high speeds. The collision that occurs forces the atoms to fuse together, forming
atoms of a new element. Collisions are not guaranteed, however, and billions of
bombardments are usually required before the desired collision occurs.
Synthetic elements are usually named by the scientist or team of scientists that produces
them. Some of these elements have been named for famous scientists. Some examples
include element 99, einsteinium (after Albert Einstein), element 100, fermium (after Enrico
Fermi), and element 102, nobelium (after Alfred Nobel). Other synthetic elements are
named for places, such as element 95, americium (America) and element 98, californium
(California). Sometimes it takes years before the name of a new element is agreed upon.
23
Synthetic Elements Continued
This is especially true if more than one scientist or team of scientists claims to have
produced the same element. No final agreement has yet been reached on names for
elements 117 through 118. Until some decision is made, these elements are identified by
the Latin terms for their numbers in the table. For example, element 110 was designated
ununnilium before it was named.
Scientists believe it is only a matter of time before more elements are produced. These yet
unseen elements will be products of the bombarding and fusing of elements with higher
numbers on the periodic table.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN COMPLETE SENTENCES
1. What do all synthetic elements have in common?
2. What are transuranic elements?
3. Why might scientists be interested in producing new elements?
4. Why are synthetic elements so difficult to study?
24
Things to know about the
Periodic Table of Elements
1. periodic refers to the repeating properties of the elements.
2. elements are put in order by their atomic number
3. atomic number = the number of protons.
4. vertical column is a group or family (similar properties)
5. horizontal row is a period (completes electron shell/cloud)
6. metals on left , non-metals on the right (staircase divides)
7. group 1 =alkali metals
8. group 2 = alkaline earth metals
9. group 17 = halogens
10. group 18 = inert gases (noble gases)
11. other groups are known by the head of the family
(such as the oxygen family)
12. transition elements - metals, middle groups (3-12)
13. __117__ known elements, 94 naturally occur in the universe
14. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the first useful periodic table.
15. How new elements are produced/discovered
16. Characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
25
this page is blank
26
My Element name:____________________________Element #____________
Web Element Project
• Home Page Requirements
“Welcome to the Page” statement
YOUR FIRST NAME, Last initial
Your Science period
Element name
• Three Pictures or Images (one can be the background)
Picture/image 1
Picture/image 2
Picture/image 3
• Info Page
Element Name
Symbol
Family or Group
Metal/nonmetal/metalloid
Who discovered it? (if unknown then specify as such)
Year discovered (if unknown then specify as such)
Where discovered (if unknown then specify as such)
Origin of name (if unknown then specify as such)
Uses(if none then specify as such)
Price per gram you might have to convert units(find a unit converter
on internet, if unknown then specify as such)
• Physical Properties(also in Info Page)
State at room temperature (20˚C)
Atomic Number
Atomic Weight
Melting Point in K, ˚C and ˚F (if unknown then specify as such)
Boiling Point in K, ˚C and ˚F (if unknown then specify as such)
Color (if unknown then specify as such)
Chemical Properties (if unknown then specify as such)
• Sources Page in MLA style (use your NoodleTools™ for this)
Source 1
Source 2
Source 3
Diagram of atom(like atom factory, but you can find one not make it)
• Effort/Creativity/Design 4 points
Add 4 3 2 1
27