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Some Basic Botany Module 2 Plant Divisions • Thallophyta p y – algae g and fungi g • Bryophyta – mosses and liverworts • *Pteridophyta – ferns • *Spermatophyta – seed plants *Vascular Vascular plants - have tubetube-like tissue that transport nutrients nutrients,, water, etc. Di i i Spermatophyta Division S t h t (seed ( d plants) l t ) ¾ Vascular tissue ¾ Produce seeds ¾ T Two S bdi i i Subdivisions z Gymnospermae (naked seeds borne on the scale of a cone) cone) • Pines,, Junipers, p , True Cedars,, Cypress, yp , Ginko biloba • Most are evergreen trees or shrubs • Most have needleneedle-like, linear, or scalescale-like foliage z Angiospermae (true flowering plants plants, seeds borne in an ovary) Gymnosperm (pine cone) Naked Seed Angiosperm Ovary A i Angiosperms ¾ Two classes (or subsub-divisions) z Dicotyledoneae (dicots dicots)) • Two cotyledons y ((seed leaves) z Monocotyledoneae (monocots (monocots)) • One O cotyledon t l d Cotyledon y ((seed leaf)) Monocot (corn) Dicot (bean) cotyledon Other Distinguishing Characteristics Monocots and Dicots ¾ Monocots ¾ Di t Dicots z One cotyledon y z Two cotyledons z Parallel veined leaves z Net veined leaves Flower o e pa parts s in multiples of 3’s z In stems – vascular tissue bundles scattered throughout z z z Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 In stems – vascular ti tissue bundles b dl arranged in circle Leaf Venation ¾ Monocots z Parallel veined ¾ Dicots z Netlike veins Flower Parts ¾ Monocots z Sets of 3 ¾ Dicots z Sets of 4 or 5 Primrose Lily Blue flax Vascular Tissue (stem) ( t ) ¾ Monocots (vascular tissue bundles scattered tt d in i stem) t ) ¾ Dicots (vascular bundles arranged in circle) Vascular Tissue Some representative Families of Monocots (~50,000 species): z Iridaceae ((iris family) y) • (iris, crocus) z Liliaceae ((lily y family) y) • (lilies, tulips, yucca, onions, asparagus) z Poaceae (grass family) • (grasses, corn, sorghum) Monocot examples p California Falsehellebore Yucca (Liliaceae) Liliaceae Grasses (Poaceae Poaceae)) Rocky Mtn Mtn. Iris (Iridaceae Iridaceae)) Some Representative Families of Dicots (~225,000 species) z Rosaceae (rose family) • Scarlet cinquefoil, True Mountain Mahogany z Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Leguminosae) (pea family) family) • Bird of Paradise, Spanish broom z Asteraceae (Compositae) Compositae) (sunflower family) • Common white yarrow, Curry plant, Mexican hat z S l Solanaceae ( i ht h d family) (nightshade f il ) • tomato, potato, peppers, nightshade z Brassicaceae (Cruciferae Cruciferae)) (mustard family) • canola, broccoli, cauliflower z Cucurbitaceae • cucumbers, melons, squash Representatives p of Dicot Families Rosaceae Asteraceae Cucurbitaceae Solanaceae Fabaceae More Dicots Which plant from the previous slide would you not want in your garden? Bindweed Other Descriptive Terms ¾ Reference to Life Cycle z Annual • lives for single season only z z Can be subdivided into summer and winter annuals Biennial • completes life cycle in 2 seasons z Perennial • lives more than 2 years z Can be subdivided into herbaceous and woody Summer Annual – germinates in spring, flowers and seeds in summer, dies in fall Marigolds Impatiens Zinnias Winter Annual – germinates in late summer or early fall, flowers and seeds in spring spring, dies in summer Baby’s breath Sweet peas Canola Biennial Biennia - germinates in spring or early summer of first year but does not bloom until the following summer summer, seeds then dies Foxglove Carrot Sweet William Perennial – lives more than 2 years: Herbacious – top pg growth dies back each yyear (bulbs, anemones, alyssum, alfalfa) Purple coneflower Penstemons Giant four o’clock Perennial – lives more than 2 years: W d – does Woody d nott die di b back k iin winter i t ((shrubs, h b ttrees)) Black pine Desert willow Three--leaf sumac Three P Perennials i l Distinctive Characteristics ¾ Woody plants are always perennial. perennial. ¾ Plants with food storage organs (tubers, bulbs, corms,, rhizomes, etc.) are perennial. corms perennial. ¾ Plants with large roots are usually perennial. perennial. ¾ Plants with remnants of last year’s year s stems attached to the crown or root are perennial. perennial. ¾ Plants with enlarged crowns near the ground level, having a series of scars or constrictions as they enter up into the stem are perennials. Other Descriptive Terms ¾ Woody vs vs. Herbaceous z z ¾ Woody = hard stems, bark H b Herbaceous = nonnon-woody d stems t th t die that di b back k (can be annual, biennial or perennial) perennial) Evergreen vs vs.. Deciduous (woody plants) z Leaves stay green during winter (evergreen) or are shed during winter (deciduous) Evergreen – Juniper Deciduous – Cottonwood Morphology p gy and Function Parts of the Plant and Function Flowers: 1. Reproduction 2 Produce seeds 2. Leaves: 1. Make Food 2. Breathe Fruit: 1 Seed Packets 1. Stems: 1. Transport 2 Support 2. 3. Protect Roots: 1. Feed 2. Anchor 3 Store 3. Buds: 1. Growing points Soil: 1. Storehouse (nutrients, (nutrients, water water,, air)) 2. Support Petal Stigma Anther Style Stamen Pistil Filament Male Female Ovary Sepal Petals C ll Corolla Calyx Sepals Anther Si Stigma Stamen Pisstil Filament Style Ovaryy Petal Function of Flower Parts ¾Sepals – small, green structures that protect and surround the other flower parts. All together they from the calyx.. calyx ¾ Petals – form the corolla corolla.. Brightly colored to attract pollinators.. pollinators ¾ Stamen – male reproductive structure consisting of a filament and anther where pollen or microspores are produced. produced. ¾ Pistil – female reproductive structure consisting of the ovary (where eggs are produced) the style (tube) and stigma (opening of tube) tube). Sexual Reproduction ¾ Pollen (produced by the anther) lands on the stigma. It germinates and extends a pollen tube down the style and into the ovary where it fertilizes the ovules (egg cells) to form seeds. ¾ The ovary then enlarges to form a fruit which may contain one seed ((i.e i.e.. peach, apricot) to many ((i.e i.e.. tomato, pepper, squash) seeds seeds. Flowers may be… ¾ Complete – have all the parts shown in diagrams (sepals, l petals, l stamens, pistils). pistils i il ). ) ¾ Incomplete – lack one or more of the parts. ¾ Perfect – has both male and female parts (bisexual). (bisexual ). ¾ Imperfect (or unisexual) – an incomplete flower that has only male parts (staminate staminate)) or female parts (pistillate pistillate)) but not both. Pl t with Plants ith imperfect i f t flowers: fl Categorized as being… ¾ Monoecious – have both staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers on the same plant (i.e i.e.. corn w/ tassel & silk) silk) ¾ Dioecious – have either male or female flowers but not both. Each plant is referred to as either male both. or female (i.e. i.e. cottonwood, mulberry, kiwi) Monoecious Plant (corn) Staminate flower Pistillate flower Dioecious Plant (mulberry) Male plant (flower) Female plant (flower) Female plant (fruit) Cross Pollination vs. Self Pollination ¾ Pollination – transfer t f off pollen ll from f anther th to t stigma. stigma ti . ¾ Self pollination – within same flower or other flower on same plant (reproduces clones clones)) ¾ Cross pollination – transfer of pollen to a flower stigma on a different plant (genetic diversity) ¾ Plants may use one method primarily over the other (peppers – self, lf allll dioecious di i plants l t - cross)) or use both b th methods th d equally ll (i.e. i.e. corn). Asexual Reproduction (vegetative propagation) ¾ Rhizomes stolons Rhizomes, stolons,, tubers, tubers etc etc. z ¾ Layering and Cuttings z ¾ Berries, many houseplants B ddi and Budding dG Grafting fti z ¾ Many lawn grasses, potatoes, aspen, creosote Many fruit trees Tissue culture z Cellular propagation in lab The Leaf Leaf Structure Cuticle (protection) Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Bundle sheath cell Vein (transport) (transport) Spongy p gy mesophyll p y Chloroplast (photosynthesis) Lower epidermis Stoma (g (gas exchange) g ) Gas Exchange During Photosynthesis CO2 O2 + H2O Guard cells open and close for gas exchange. exchange. When open, they lose water that has been taken up p by y plant roots (transpiration (transpiration). ). But, they must take in But, carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Stoma Guard Guardcells Cells Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 12H2O + light = 6O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O Carbohydrates, y starches, etc. plus nutrients = amino acids, proteins proteins,, enzymes, etc etc.. Chloroplast Sunlight g provides energy! Chlorophyll (green pigment) Leaf Types based on Venation Pi Pinnate t P l t Palmate P ll l Parallel Leaflets Simple Pinnately Compound Palmately Compound L f Blade, Leaf Bl d P Petiole ti l & Sti Stipulle Blade Petiole (leaf (leaf stalk stalk)) Stipule (leaf stalk collar) The Stem Stems St (support ( t and d transport) t t) Vascular Tissue Phloem – transports food produced in leaves by photosynthesis downward to sites were it is used. d Xylem – conducts water and minerals absorbed by the roots upward to the leaves. Vascular bundle of corn stem Woody Dicot Stem (Tree) Pith Xylem Primary Secondary ‘wood’ Phloem Primary Secondary Cambium Stem Terminal bud Internode Axillary (or lateral) bud Leaf scar Node Bundle scar Bud scale scar One year’s growth Modified Stems Bulb (tulip, onion) Tuber (potato) Corm (crocus, gladiolus) Modified Stems Bermudagrass S l Stolons Rhizomes The Root Roots (support, uptake, storage) Root hairs Xylem (water & minerals) up Phloem ((carbohydrates, y , etc.)) down Apical meristem (new cells produced) Root cap Two Types of Root Systems Fib Fibrous (grasses) T Tap (dandelion) Adventitious (prop) Roots Prop Roots What do roots absorb? ¾ Water (H2O) ¾ Minerals z Macronutrients • Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), and Sulfur (S), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe) (Fe) z Micronutrients • Manganese (Mn (Mn), Mn))), Boron (B), (B) Chlorine (Cl (Cl), Cl)), ) Zinc (Zn) (Zn), Copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo) End of Module 2 SOME BASIC BOTANY