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Some Basic Botany
Module 2
Plant Divisions
• Thallophyta
p y – algae
g and fungi
g
• Bryophyta – mosses and liverworts
• *Pteridophyta – ferns
• *Spermatophyta – seed plants
*Vascular
Vascular plants - have tubetube-like tissue that
transport nutrients
nutrients,, water, etc.
Di i i Spermatophyta
Division
S
t h t (seed
(
d plants)
l t )
¾
Vascular tissue
¾
Produce seeds
¾
T
Two
S bdi i i
Subdivisions
z
Gymnospermae
(naked seeds borne on the scale of a cone)
cone)
• Pines,, Junipers,
p , True Cedars,, Cypress,
yp
, Ginko biloba
• Most are evergreen trees or shrubs
• Most have needleneedle-like, linear, or scalescale-like foliage
z
Angiospermae
(true flowering plants
plants, seeds borne in an ovary)
Gymnosperm (pine cone)
Naked Seed
Angiosperm
Ovary
A i
Angiosperms
¾
Two classes (or subsub-divisions)
z
Dicotyledoneae (dicots
dicots))
• Two cotyledons
y
((seed leaves)
z
Monocotyledoneae (monocots
(monocots))
• One
O cotyledon
t l d
Cotyledon
y
((seed leaf))
Monocot (corn)
Dicot (bean)
cotyledon
Other Distinguishing Characteristics
Monocots and Dicots
¾
Monocots
¾
Di t
Dicots
z
One cotyledon
y
z
Two cotyledons
z
Parallel veined leaves
z
Net veined leaves
Flower
o e pa
parts
s in
multiples of 3’s
z
In stems – vascular tissue
bundles scattered
throughout
z
z
z
Flower parts in
multiples of 4 or 5
In stems – vascular
ti
tissue
bundles
b dl
arranged in circle
Leaf Venation
¾
Monocots
z
Parallel veined
¾
Dicots
z
Netlike veins
Flower Parts
¾
Monocots
z
Sets of 3
¾
Dicots
z
Sets of 4 or 5
Primrose
Lily
Blue flax
Vascular Tissue (stem)
( t )
¾
Monocots
(vascular tissue bundles
scattered
tt d in
i stem)
t )
¾
Dicots
(vascular bundles
arranged in circle)
Vascular Tissue
Some representative Families
of Monocots (~50,000 species):
z
Iridaceae ((iris family)
y)
• (iris, crocus)
z
Liliaceae ((lily
y family)
y)
• (lilies, tulips, yucca, onions, asparagus)
z
Poaceae (grass family)
• (grasses, corn, sorghum)
Monocot examples
p
California
Falsehellebore
Yucca
(Liliaceae)
Liliaceae
Grasses
(Poaceae
Poaceae))
Rocky Mtn
Mtn. Iris
(Iridaceae
Iridaceae))
Some Representative Families
of Dicots (~225,000 species)
z
Rosaceae (rose family)
• Scarlet cinquefoil, True Mountain Mahogany
z
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Leguminosae) (pea family)
family)
• Bird of Paradise, Spanish broom
z
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Compositae) (sunflower family)
• Common white yarrow, Curry plant, Mexican hat
z
S l
Solanaceae
( i ht h d family)
(nightshade
f il )
• tomato, potato, peppers, nightshade
z
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae
Cruciferae)) (mustard family)
• canola, broccoli, cauliflower
z
Cucurbitaceae
• cucumbers, melons, squash
Representatives
p
of Dicot Families
Rosaceae
Asteraceae
Cucurbitaceae
Solanaceae
Fabaceae
More Dicots
Which plant from the previous slide
would you not want in your garden?
Bindweed
Other Descriptive Terms
¾
Reference to Life Cycle
z
Annual
• lives for single season only
z
z
Can be subdivided into summer and winter annuals
Biennial
• completes life cycle in 2 seasons
z
Perennial
• lives more than 2 years
z
Can be subdivided into herbaceous and woody
Summer Annual
– germinates in spring, flowers and seeds in summer,
dies in fall
Marigolds
Impatiens
Zinnias
Winter Annual
– germinates in late summer or early fall,
flowers and seeds in spring
spring, dies in summer
Baby’s breath
Sweet peas
Canola
Biennial
Biennia
- germinates in spring or early summer of first year
but does not bloom until the following summer
summer,
seeds then dies
Foxglove
Carrot
Sweet William
Perennial
– lives more than 2 years:
Herbacious – top
pg
growth dies back each yyear
(bulbs, anemones, alyssum, alfalfa)
Purple coneflower
Penstemons
Giant four o’clock
Perennial
– lives more than 2 years:
W d – does
Woody
d
nott die
di b
back
k iin winter
i t ((shrubs,
h b ttrees))
Black pine
Desert willow
Three--leaf sumac
Three
P
Perennials
i l
Distinctive Characteristics
¾
Woody plants are always perennial.
perennial.
¾
Plants with food storage organs (tubers, bulbs,
corms,, rhizomes, etc.) are perennial.
corms
perennial.
¾
Plants with large roots are usually perennial.
perennial.
¾
Plants with remnants of last year’s
year s stems attached
to the crown or root are perennial.
perennial.
¾
Plants with enlarged crowns near the ground level,
having a series of scars or constrictions as they
enter up into the stem are perennials.
Other Descriptive Terms
¾
Woody vs
vs. Herbaceous
z
z
¾
Woody = hard stems, bark
H b
Herbaceous
= nonnon-woody
d stems
t
th t die
that
di b
back
k
(can be annual, biennial or perennial)
perennial)
Evergreen vs
vs.. Deciduous (woody plants)
z
Leaves stay green during winter (evergreen)
or are shed during winter (deciduous)
Evergreen – Juniper
Deciduous – Cottonwood
Morphology
p
gy and Function
Parts of the Plant and Function
Flowers:
1. Reproduction
2 Produce seeds
2.
Leaves:
1. Make Food
2. Breathe
Fruit:
1 Seed Packets
1.
Stems:
1. Transport
2 Support
2.
3. Protect
Roots:
1. Feed
2. Anchor
3 Store
3.
Buds:
1. Growing points
Soil:
1. Storehouse (nutrients,
(nutrients,
water
water,, air))
2. Support
Petal
Stigma
Anther
Style
Stamen
Pistil
Filament
Male
Female
Ovary
Sepal
Petals
C ll
Corolla
Calyx
Sepals
Anther
Si
Stigma
Stamen
Pisstil
Filament
Style
Ovaryy
Petal
Function of Flower Parts
¾Sepals – small, green structures that protect and surround
the other flower parts. All together they from the
calyx..
calyx
¾
Petals – form the corolla
corolla.. Brightly colored to attract
pollinators..
pollinators
¾
Stamen – male reproductive structure consisting of a
filament and anther where pollen or microspores
are produced.
produced.
¾
Pistil – female reproductive structure consisting of the ovary
(where eggs are produced) the style (tube) and
stigma (opening of tube)
tube).
Sexual Reproduction
¾
Pollen (produced by the anther) lands on the stigma. It
germinates and extends a pollen tube down the style and
into the ovary where it fertilizes the ovules (egg cells) to
form seeds.
¾
The ovary then enlarges to form a fruit which may contain
one seed ((i.e
i.e.. peach, apricot) to many ((i.e
i.e.. tomato, pepper,
squash) seeds
seeds.
Flowers may be…
¾
Complete – have all the parts shown in diagrams
(sepals,
l petals,
l stamens, pistils).
pistils
i il ).
)
¾
Incomplete – lack one or more of the parts.
¾
Perfect – has both male and female parts
(bisexual).
(bisexual
).
¾
Imperfect (or unisexual) – an incomplete
flower that has only male parts
(staminate
staminate)) or female parts
(pistillate
pistillate)) but not both.
Pl t with
Plants
ith imperfect
i
f t flowers:
fl
Categorized as being…
¾
Monoecious – have both staminate (male) and pistillate
(female) flowers on the same plant
(i.e
i.e.. corn w/ tassel & silk)
silk)
¾
Dioecious – have either male or female flowers but not
both. Each plant is referred to as either male
both.
or female (i.e.
i.e. cottonwood, mulberry, kiwi)
Monoecious Plant (corn)
Staminate flower
Pistillate flower
Dioecious Plant (mulberry)
Male plant (flower)
Female plant (flower)
Female plant (fruit)
Cross Pollination vs. Self Pollination
¾
Pollination – transfer
t
f off pollen
ll from
f
anther
th to
t stigma.
stigma
ti
.
¾
Self pollination – within same flower or other flower on same
plant (reproduces clones
clones))
¾
Cross pollination – transfer of pollen to a flower stigma on a
different plant (genetic diversity)
¾
Plants may use one method primarily over the other (peppers –
self,
lf allll dioecious
di
i
plants
l t - cross)) or use both
b th methods
th d equally
ll
(i.e.
i.e. corn).
Asexual Reproduction
(vegetative propagation)
¾
Rhizomes stolons
Rhizomes,
stolons,, tubers,
tubers etc
etc.
z
¾
Layering and Cuttings
z
¾
Berries, many houseplants
B ddi and
Budding
dG
Grafting
fti
z
¾
Many lawn grasses, potatoes, aspen, creosote
Many fruit trees
Tissue culture
z
Cellular propagation in lab
The Leaf
Leaf Structure
Cuticle (protection)
Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Bundle sheath cell
Vein (transport)
(transport)
Spongy
p gy mesophyll
p y
Chloroplast (photosynthesis)
Lower epidermis
Stoma (g
(gas exchange)
g )
Gas Exchange During Photosynthesis
CO2
O2 + H2O
Guard cells open and close
for gas exchange.
exchange.
When open, they lose water
that has been taken up
p by
y
plant roots (transpiration
(transpiration).
).
But, they must take in
But,
carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis.
Stoma
Guard
Guardcells
Cells
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H2O + light = 6O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O
Carbohydrates,
y
starches, etc. plus
nutrients = amino acids, proteins
proteins,,
enzymes, etc
etc..
Chloroplast
Sunlight
g
provides
energy!
Chlorophyll
(green pigment)
Leaf Types based on Venation
Pi
Pinnate
t
P l t
Palmate
P ll l
Parallel
Leaflets
Simple
Pinnately
Compound
Palmately
Compound
L f Blade,
Leaf
Bl d P
Petiole
ti l & Sti
Stipulle
Blade
Petiole (leaf
(leaf stalk
stalk))
Stipule (leaf stalk collar)
The Stem
Stems
St
(support
(
t and
d transport)
t
t)
Vascular Tissue
Phloem – transports food produced
in leaves by photosynthesis
downward to sites were it is
used.
d
Xylem – conducts water and minerals
absorbed by the roots upward
to the leaves.
Vascular bundle of
corn stem
Woody Dicot Stem (Tree)
Pith
Xylem
Primary
Secondary ‘wood’
Phloem
Primary
Secondary
Cambium
Stem
Terminal bud
Internode
Axillary (or lateral) bud
Leaf scar
Node
Bundle scar
Bud scale scar
One year’s
growth
Modified Stems
Bulb (tulip, onion)
Tuber (potato)
Corm
(crocus, gladiolus)
Modified Stems
Bermudagrass
S l
Stolons
Rhizomes
The Root
Roots (support, uptake, storage)
Root hairs
Xylem
(water & minerals)
up
Phloem
((carbohydrates,
y
, etc.))
down
Apical meristem
(new cells produced)
Root cap
Two Types of Root Systems
Fib
Fibrous
(grasses)
T
Tap
(dandelion)
Adventitious (prop) Roots
Prop Roots
What do roots absorb?
¾
Water (H2O)
¾
Minerals
z
Macronutrients
• Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K),
and Sulfur (S), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe)
(Fe)
z
Micronutrients
• Manganese (Mn
(Mn),
Mn))), Boron (B),
(B) Chlorine (Cl
(Cl),
Cl)),
) Zinc (Zn)
(Zn), Copper
(Cu), Molybdenum (Mo)
End of Module 2
SOME BASIC BOTANY