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Chapter 16: Therapy Study Guide ANSWERS Treating Psychological Disorders 1. psychological; biomedical 2. eclectic The Psychological Therapies 3. insight 4. repressed 5. repressed; conscious 6. free association 7. resistance; interpretation 8. transference 9. is not; prove or disprove; expensive 10. psychodynamic; once or twice a week; themes 11. depressed; interpersonal psychotherapy 12. insight; current relationships 13. d. is the answer. Resistances are blocks in the flow of free association that hint at underlying anxiety. a. In transference, a patient redirects feelings from other relationships to his or her analyst. b. The goal of psychoanalysis is for patients to gain insight into their feelings. c. Although such hesitation may well involve material that has been repressed, the hesitation itself is a resistance. 14. d. is the answer. In transference, the patient develops feelings toward the therapist that were experienced in important early relationships but were repressed. a. Projection is a defense mechanism in which a person imputes his or her own feelings to someone else. b. Resistances are blocks in the flow of free association that indicate repressed material. c. Regression is a defense mechanism in which a person retreats to an earlier form of behavior. 15. id; ego; superego; relationships 16. repressed impulses 17. self-fulfillment; insights Unlike psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy is focused on the present and future instead of the past, on conscious rather than unconscious processes, on promoting growth and self-fulfillment instead of curing illness, and on helping clients take immediate responsibility for their feelings and actions rather than on uncovering the obstacles to doing so. 18. client-centered; nondirective; does not interpret 19. genuineness; acceptance; empathy 20. active listening; unconditional positive regard 21. paraphrase; invite clarification; reflect feelings 22. learning Whereas psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies assume that problems diminish as self-awareness grows, behavior therapists doubt that self-awareness is the key. Instead of looking for the inner cause of unwanted behavior, behavior therapy applies learning principles to directly attack the unwanted behavior itself. 23. classical conditioning; counterconditioning; exposure therapy; aversive conditioning 24. exposure therapies; Joseph Wolpe; anxious 25. hierarchy; progressive relaxation; relaxed; anxiety 26. virtual reality exposure 27. negative; positive; unpleasant; does not 28. d. is the answer. Aversive conditioning is the classical conditioning technique in which a positive response is replaced by a negative response. (In this example, the US is the blast of smoke, the CS is the taste of the cigarette as it is inhaled, and the intended CR is aversion to cigarettes.) a. Exposure therapy exposes someone, in imagination (virtual reality exposure therapy) or actuality, to a feared situation. b. Behavior modification applies the principles of operant conditioning and thus, in contrast to the example, uses reinforcement. c. Systematic desensitization is used to help people overcome specific anxieties. 29. a. is the answer. b. Aversive conditioning associates unpleasant states with unwanted behaviors. c. In psychoanalytic therapy, transference is the patient's redirecting to the analyst emotions from other relationships. d. Free association is a psychoanalytic technique in which a patient says whatever comes to mind. 30. behavior modification 31. operant; token economy Behavior modification is criticized because the desired behavior may stop when the rewards are stopped. Also, critics contend that one person should not be allowed to control another. Proponents of behavior modification contend that some clients request this therapy and that the behaviors will persist if patients are properly weaned from the tokens. Also, control already exists. 32. a. Virtual reality exposure therapy, a type of counterconditioning (classical conditioning). b. Token economy, based on operant conditioning principles. c. Systematic desensitization, an exposure therapy, which is a form of counterconditioning. Specific procedures may vary. Refer to the text for general descriptions. 33. cognitive; Albert Ellis; rational-emotive behavior 34. catastrophizing; depression; Aaron Beck 35. stress inoculation; dispute 36. cognitive-behavioral 37. emotion regulation 38. humanistic 39. aversive conditioning 40. psychoanalysis 41. a. is the answer. b. & c. These types of therapists are more concerned with promoting self-fulfillment (humanistic) and healthy patterns of thinking (cognitive) than with correcting specific problem behaviors. d. Psychoanalysts see the behavior merely as a symptom and focus their treatment on its presumed underlying cause. 42. c. is the answer. a. & b. Behavior therapists make extensive use of Chapter 16: Therapy Study Guide ANSWERS techniques based on both operant and classical conditioning. d. Neither behavior therapists nor cognitive behavioral therapists focus on clients' unconscious urges. 43. b. is the answer. 44. d. is the answer. Because the psychologist is focusing on Darnel's irrational thinking, this response is most typical of Beck's cognitive therapy for depression. a. Behavior therapists treat behaviors rather than thoughts. b. Psychoanalysts focus on helping patients gain insight into previously repressed feelings. c. Client-centered therapists attempt to facilitate clients' growth by offering a genuine, accepting, empathic environment. Group therapy saves therapists time and clients money. It offers a social laboratory for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills. It enables people to see that others share their problem. It provides feedback as clients tryout new ways of behaving. 45. group; social 46. family therapy 47. communication 48. self-help; support; Alcoholics Anonymous 49. Humanistic therapies focus on the present and future, conscious thoughts, and having the person take responsibility for his or her feelings and actions. The goal is self-fulfillment. The therapist is genuine, accepting, and empathic and uses active listening in this nondirective therapy. Behavior therapies focus on the problem behavior. The goal is to change undesirable behaviors to desirable behaviors. They use techniques based on classical and operant conditioning principles- for example, exposure therapies, aversive conditioning, and token economies. Cognitive therapies focus on the person's way of thinking about himself or herself. Self-blaming and overgeneralized explanations of bad events cause the problem. The goal is to change the person's negative thinking. They use gentle questioning to reveal the patient's irrational thinking and persuade a depressed person, for example, to adopt a more positive attitude. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is an integrative therapy that focuses training people to change their self-harmful thoughts and behaviors. Its goal is to make people aware of their irrational negative thinking, to replace it with new ways of thinking, and to apply that to their everyday behavior. Group and family therapies assume that problems arise from social interactions. They help people to see that others have similar problems and that communication can resolve most problems. During sessions, for example, they try to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication. Evaluating Psychotherapies 50. satisfaction People often enter therapy in crisis. When the crisis passes, they may attribute their improvement to the therapy. Clients, who may need to believe the therapy was worth the effort, may overestimate its effectiveness. Clients generally find positive things to say about their therapists, even if their problems remain. 51. overestimate 52. unhappiness; well-being 53. belief; placebo effect; regression toward the mean; unusual; average 54. controlled 55. Hans Eysenck; was not 56. randomized clinical 57. meta-analysis; somewhat effective 58. no clear; does not matter; does not make a difference 59. comorbidity; behavioral conditioning; cognitive; cognitive-behavioral 60. specific 61. evidence-based practice 62. d. is the answer. a. Psychotherapy has proven "somewhat effective" and more cost-effective than physician care for psychological disorders. b. & c. Behavior and cognitive therapies are both effective in treating depression, and behavior therapy is effective in treating specific problems such as phobias. 63. alternative therapy 64. controlled 65. traumatic events; eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR); somewhat effective; posttraumatic stress disorder; finger tapping; reliving; placebo 66. seasonal affective disorder; light-exposure 67. d. is the answer. a. In fact, there is evidence that light exposure therapy can be effective in treating SAD. b. There is no evidence that EMDR is effective as a treatment for SAD. c. Lithium is a mood-stabilizing drug that is often used to treat bipolar disorder. 68. hope; perspective; caring; trusting; empathic 69. therapeutic alliance; empathic; caring 70. do; cultures; genders; religion 71. individualism 72. minority 73. hopelessness; depression; self-destructive; fears; mood; compulsive 74. b. is the answer. Psychiatrists are physicians who specialize in treating psychological disorders. As doctors they can prescribe medications. a., c., & d. These professionals cannot prescribe drugs. The Biomedical Therapies 75. biomedical; drug; decreased 76. psychopharmacology 77. placebo; recovery; double-blind 78. antipsychotic; chlorpromazine (Thorazine); positive; clozapine (Clozaril) 79. dopamine 80. tardive dyskinesia; face; tongue; limbs 81. antianxiety Chapter 16: Therapy Study Guide ANSWERS 82. central nervous system 83. psychological therapy 84. symptoms; problems; physiological dependence 85. antidepressant; anxiety; obsessive-compulsive; norepinephrine; serotonin 86. fluoxetine (Prozac); serotonin; selectiveserotoninreuptake-inhibitor; neurogenesis; dual-action; fewer 87. aerobic exercise; bottom-up; cognitive-behavioral; topdown 88. spontaneous recovery; placebo effect 89. bipolar; mood-stabilizing; lithium 90. Depakote 91. c. is the answer. a. This is a statistical technique used to combine the results of many different research studies. b. In this design, which is not mentioned in the text, there is only a single research group. d. This answer would be correct if the experimenter, but not the research participants, knew which condition was in effect. 92. a. is the answer. 93. c. is the answer. 94. b. is the answer. 95. electroconvulsive; ECT 96. depression; confirms 97. unknown 98. repetitive trans cranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS); seizures; memory; frontal lobe 99. deep-brain 100. psychosurgery 101. lobotomy; frontal 102. drugs 103. c. is the answer. b. Although still practiced, electroconvulsive therapy is not a form of psychosurgery. 104. therapeutic lifestyle 105. biopsychosocial Preventing Psychological Disorders 106. resilience 107. person; a disturbing and stressful society 108. person; social context 109. preventive; competence; personal control; self-esteem; poverty; meaningless; criticism; unemployment; racism; sexism 110. integrated biopsychosocial 111. d. is the answer. a. This would be the perspective of a cognitivebehavioral therapist. b. This would be the perspective of a psychoanalyst. c. This would be the perspective of a behavior therapist.