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Chapter 16: Therapy
Study Guide ANSWERS
Treating Psychological Disorders
1. psychological; biomedical
2. eclectic
The Psychological Therapies
3. insight
4. repressed
5. repressed; conscious
6. free association
7. resistance; interpretation
8. transference
9. is not; prove or disprove; expensive
10. psychodynamic; once or twice a week; themes
11. depressed; interpersonal psychotherapy
12. insight; current relationships
13. d. is the answer. Resistances are blocks in the flow of
free association that hint at underlying anxiety.
a. In transference, a patient redirects feelings from
other relationships to his or her analyst.
b. The goal of psychoanalysis is for patients to gain
insight into their feelings.
c. Although such hesitation may well involve material
that has been repressed, the hesitation itself is a
resistance.
14. d. is the answer. In transference, the patient develops
feelings toward the therapist that were experienced in
important early relationships but were repressed.
a. Projection is a defense mechanism in which a person
imputes his or her own feelings to someone else.
b. Resistances are blocks in the flow of free association
that indicate repressed material.
c. Regression is a defense mechanism in which a person
retreats to an earlier form of behavior.
15. id; ego; superego; relationships
16. repressed impulses
17. self-fulfillment; insights
Unlike psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy is
focused on the present and future instead of the past, on
conscious rather than unconscious processes, on promoting
growth and self-fulfillment instead of curing illness, and on
helping clients take immediate responsibility for their
feelings and actions rather than on uncovering the obstacles
to doing so.
18. client-centered; nondirective; does not interpret
19. genuineness; acceptance; empathy
20. active listening; unconditional positive regard
21. paraphrase; invite clarification; reflect feelings
22. learning
Whereas psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies assume
that problems diminish as self-awareness grows, behavior
therapists doubt that self-awareness is the key. Instead of
looking for the inner cause of unwanted behavior, behavior
therapy applies learning principles to directly attack the
unwanted behavior itself.
23. classical conditioning; counterconditioning; exposure
therapy; aversive conditioning
24. exposure therapies; Joseph Wolpe; anxious
25. hierarchy; progressive relaxation; relaxed; anxiety
26. virtual reality exposure
27. negative; positive; unpleasant; does not
28. d. is the answer. Aversive conditioning is the classical
conditioning technique in which a positive response is
replaced by a negative response. (In this example, the
US is the blast of smoke, the CS is the taste of the
cigarette as it is inhaled, and the intended CR is
aversion to cigarettes.)
a. Exposure therapy exposes someone, in imagination
(virtual reality exposure therapy) or actuality, to a
feared situation.
b. Behavior modification applies the principles of
operant conditioning and thus, in contrast to the
example, uses reinforcement.
c. Systematic desensitization is used to help people
overcome specific anxieties.
29. a. is the answer.
b. Aversive conditioning associates unpleasant states
with unwanted behaviors.
c. In psychoanalytic therapy, transference is the
patient's redirecting to the analyst emotions from other
relationships.
d. Free association is a psychoanalytic technique in
which a patient says whatever comes to mind.
30. behavior modification
31. operant; token economy
Behavior modification is criticized because the desired
behavior may stop when the rewards are stopped. Also,
critics contend that one person should not be allowed to
control another.
Proponents of behavior modification contend that some
clients request this therapy and that the behaviors will
persist if patients are properly weaned from the tokens.
Also, control already exists.
32. a. Virtual reality exposure therapy, a type of
counterconditioning (classical conditioning).
b. Token economy, based on operant conditioning
principles.
c. Systematic desensitization, an exposure therapy,
which is a form of counterconditioning.
Specific procedures may vary. Refer to the text for
general descriptions.
33. cognitive; Albert Ellis; rational-emotive behavior
34. catastrophizing; depression; Aaron Beck
35. stress inoculation; dispute
36. cognitive-behavioral
37. emotion regulation
38. humanistic
39. aversive conditioning
40. psychoanalysis
41. a. is the answer.
b. & c. These types of therapists are more concerned
with promoting self-fulfillment (humanistic) and
healthy patterns of thinking (cognitive) than with
correcting specific problem behaviors.
d. Psychoanalysts see the behavior merely as a
symptom and focus their treatment on its presumed
underlying cause.
42. c. is the answer.
a. & b. Behavior therapists make extensive use of
Chapter 16: Therapy
Study Guide ANSWERS
techniques based on both operant and classical
conditioning.
d. Neither behavior therapists nor cognitive behavioral
therapists focus on clients' unconscious urges.
43. b. is the answer.
44. d. is the answer. Because the psychologist is focusing on
Darnel's irrational thinking, this response is most
typical of Beck's cognitive therapy for depression.
a. Behavior therapists treat behaviors rather than
thoughts.
b. Psychoanalysts focus on helping patients gain insight
into previously repressed feelings.
c. Client-centered therapists attempt to facilitate clients'
growth by offering a genuine, accepting, empathic
environment.
Group therapy saves therapists time and clients money. It
offers a social laboratory for exploring social behaviors and
developing social skills. It enables people to see that others
share their problem. It provides feedback as clients tryout
new ways of behaving.
45. group; social
46. family therapy
47. communication
48. self-help; support; Alcoholics Anonymous
49. Humanistic therapies focus on the present and future,
conscious thoughts, and having the person take
responsibility for his or her feelings and actions. The
goal is self-fulfillment. The therapist is genuine,
accepting, and empathic and uses active listening in this
nondirective therapy.
Behavior therapies focus on the problem behavior. The goal
is to change undesirable behaviors to desirable
behaviors. They use techniques based on classical and
operant conditioning principles- for example, exposure
therapies, aversive conditioning, and token economies.
Cognitive therapies focus on the person's way of thinking
about himself or herself. Self-blaming and
overgeneralized explanations of bad events cause the
problem. The goal is to change the person's negative
thinking. They use gentle questioning to reveal the
patient's irrational thinking and persuade a depressed
person, for example, to adopt a more positive attitude.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is an integrative therapy that
focuses training people to change their self-harmful
thoughts and behaviors. Its goal is to make people
aware of their irrational negative thinking, to replace it
with new ways of thinking, and to apply that to their
everyday behavior.
Group and family therapies assume that problems arise
from social interactions. They help people to see that
others have similar problems and that communication
can resolve most problems. During sessions, for
example, they try to guide family members toward
positive relationships and improved communication.
Evaluating Psychotherapies
50. satisfaction
People often enter therapy in crisis. When the crisis passes,
they may attribute their improvement to the therapy.
Clients, who may need to believe the therapy was worth the
effort, may overestimate its effectiveness. Clients generally
find positive things to say about their therapists, even if
their problems remain.
51. overestimate
52. unhappiness; well-being
53. belief; placebo effect; regression toward the mean;
unusual; average
54. controlled
55. Hans Eysenck; was not
56. randomized clinical
57. meta-analysis; somewhat effective
58. no clear; does not matter; does not make a difference
59. comorbidity; behavioral conditioning; cognitive;
cognitive-behavioral
60. specific
61. evidence-based practice
62. d. is the answer.
a. Psychotherapy has proven "somewhat effective" and
more cost-effective than physician care for
psychological disorders.
b. & c. Behavior and cognitive therapies are both
effective in treating depression, and behavior therapy is
effective in treating specific problems such as phobias.
63. alternative therapy
64. controlled
65. traumatic events; eye movement desensitization and
reprocessing (EMDR); somewhat effective; posttraumatic stress disorder; finger tapping; reliving;
placebo
66. seasonal affective disorder; light-exposure
67. d. is the answer.
a. In fact, there is evidence that light exposure therapy
can be effective in treating SAD.
b. There is no evidence that EMDR is effective as
a treatment for SAD.
c. Lithium is a mood-stabilizing drug that is often used
to treat bipolar disorder.
68. hope; perspective; caring; trusting; empathic
69. therapeutic alliance; empathic; caring
70. do; cultures; genders; religion
71. individualism
72. minority
73. hopelessness; depression; self-destructive; fears;
mood; compulsive
74. b. is the answer. Psychiatrists are physicians who
specialize in treating psychological disorders. As
doctors they can prescribe medications.
a., c., & d. These professionals cannot prescribe drugs.
The Biomedical Therapies
75. biomedical; drug; decreased
76. psychopharmacology
77. placebo; recovery; double-blind
78. antipsychotic; chlorpromazine (Thorazine); positive;
clozapine (Clozaril)
79. dopamine
80. tardive dyskinesia; face; tongue; limbs
81. antianxiety
Chapter 16: Therapy
Study Guide ANSWERS
82. central nervous system
83. psychological therapy
84. symptoms; problems; physiological dependence
85. antidepressant; anxiety; obsessive-compulsive;
norepinephrine; serotonin
86. fluoxetine (Prozac); serotonin; selectiveserotoninreuptake-inhibitor; neurogenesis; dual-action; fewer
87. aerobic exercise; bottom-up; cognitive-behavioral; topdown
88. spontaneous recovery; placebo effect
89. bipolar; mood-stabilizing; lithium
90. Depakote
91. c. is the answer.
a. This is a statistical technique used to combine the
results of many different research studies.
b. In this design, which is not mentioned in the text,
there is only a single research group.
d. This answer would be correct if the experimenter,
but not the research participants, knew which
condition was in effect.
92. a. is the answer.
93. c. is the answer.
94. b. is the answer.
95. electroconvulsive; ECT
96. depression; confirms
97. unknown
98. repetitive trans cranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS);
seizures; memory; frontal lobe
99. deep-brain
100. psychosurgery
101. lobotomy; frontal
102. drugs
103. c. is the answer.
b. Although still practiced, electroconvulsive therapy is
not a form of psychosurgery.
104. therapeutic lifestyle
105. biopsychosocial
Preventing Psychological Disorders
106. resilience
107. person; a disturbing and stressful society
108. person; social context
109. preventive; competence; personal control; self-esteem;
poverty; meaningless; criticism; unemployment; racism;
sexism
110. integrated biopsychosocial
111. d. is the answer.
a. This would be the perspective of a cognitivebehavioral therapist.
b. This would be the perspective of a psychoanalyst.
c. This would be the perspective of a behavior
therapist.