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Learning
Fall 2011
Classical Conditioning
Learning
• A relatively permanent
change in behavior or
mental processes
because of practice or
experience.
Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Dogs
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP5lCleKPM
• http://vimeo.com/6217895
Six Principles of Classical
Conditioning
Stimulus
Generalization
Extinction
Higher-Order
Spontaneous
Reconditioning
Conditioning
Recovery
Stimulus
Discrimination
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrH
A
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDb
bD4
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement
• A consequence that
strengthens a response and
makes it more likely to
occur.
Punishment
• A consequence that
weakens a response and
makes it less likely to occur.
Operant Conditioning
• Law of Effect- Edward Thorndike’s rule that
the probability of an action being repeated is
strengthened when followed by a pleasant or
satisfying consequence.
Reinforcement
• Primary reinforcers
– Food, water, sex
• Secondary reinforcers
– Money, praise, attention
• Positive reinforcement
– Adds to (+) and strengthens behavior
• Negative reinforcement
– Takes away (-) and strengthens behavior
Reinforcement
• Premack Principle- tying your less-desirable,
low-frequency activities (paying bills), to your
high-frequency behavior (going to the movies)
Shaping
• Reinforcement by a series of successively
improved steps leading to desired response
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbWnJeTJ
Cys
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AhADCTHqM
Punishment
Positive punishment adds
stimulus (+) and weakens
the behavior
Negative punishment
takes a stimulus away (-)
ad weakens the behavior
• Running extra laps in gym
class
• Chores
• Complaining boss
• Excluded from gym
• Removing cell phone
• Reduced expense account
The Skinner Box Application
• Stimulus is added and response rate increases
• Stimuluis is added and response rate decreases
• Stimulus is taken away and response rate
increases
• Stimulus is taken away and response rate
decreases
Side Effects of Punishment
•
•
•
•
•
•
Passive aggressiveness
Avoidance behavior
Modeling
Learned helplessness
Temporary suppression
Increased aggression
Cognitive-Social Learning
Cognitive-Social Theory
• A perspective that emphasizes the roles of
thinking and social learning in behavior.
• Rather than relying on S-R, this theory
emphasizes the interpretation or thinking
that occurs within the organism with S-O-R
(stimulus-organism-response)
– Organism = attitudes, beliefs, expectation,
motivations, and emotions that affect learning.
Insight
• Wolfgang Kohler’s
chimps
• Insight- sudden
understanding of a
problem that implies
the solution
• Sultan and insight
learning
• http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=fPz6uvIbW
ZE&feature=related
Cognitive Maps
• Edward Tolman believed researchers
underestimated animal’s cognitive processes
and cognitive learning.
• Cognitive maps or mental representations of
their environment.
– Latent learning
Observational Learning
• Learning new behavior or information by
watching others (also known as social learning or
modeling)
• Albert Bandura
– Bobo doll
– Four processes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Reinforcement
Observational Learning
• Bobo Doll
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCETgT_Xfzg
• Learning Through Imitation
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhG_KsDYTA&feature=related
Biology of Learning
• Learning creates new synaptic connections
and alterations in our brain
• Stimulating environments enhance
neurological functioning in rats and humans
Mirror Neurons
• Neurons help us identify with what others are feeling
and to imitate their actions.
• First discovered by neuroscientists studying monkeys
• Think of sports spectators, babies
• Thought to be linked to autism and schizophrenia
• http://www.ted.com/talks/vs_ramachandran_the_neu
rons_that_shaped_civilization.html
Evolution and Learning
• Learning is an
adaptation that enables
organisms to survive
and prosper in a
constantly changing
world.
• Taste aversion- foods
and drinks become
conditioned stimuli
Evolution and Learning
• Biological preparedness- built-in readiness to
form associations between certain stimuli and
responses (i.e., snakes, darkness, spiders,
heights).
• Instinctive drift- the tendency of some
conditioned responses to shift or drift back
toward innate response pattern.
Conditioning and Learning in
Everyday Life
Classical Conditioning in Everyday
• Kenneth and Mamie
Clark experiment with
dolls
– Children learned to
associate inferior
qualities with darker skin
and v.v.
• Advertising
• Medicine
Operant Conditioning in Everyday
• Generalizations- one bad experience with a
member of a group leads to prejudice.
• Biofeedback- feedback positively reinforces
the practice of coping. Gives a sense of
control.
Cognitive-Social Learning in Everyday
• Modeling/Social Learning
– Example: Video games and aggression