Download Study Guide - Thomas C. Cario Middle School

NAME
Period
Earth’s Interior & Earthquakes
STUDY GUIDE
1.) What is the name of the surface along which rocks break when too much force
is applied? Fault
2.) What is the name for the vibrations produced by the breaking of rock?
Earthquake – seismic waves
3.) In which kind of fault does the rock above the fault (the hanging wall) move
downward? Normal
4.) In which kind of fault does the rock above the fault (the hanging wall) move
upward? Reverse
5.) Which kind of fault features rocks moving past each other with little upward
movement? Strike-Slip Fault
6.) What type of force is associated with Normal faults? Tension
7.) What type of force is associated with Reverse faults? Compression
8.) What type of force is associated with Transform or Strike-Slip faults? Shear
9.) What is the name of the actual location under the surface of the Earth where
the rocks break in an earthquake? Focus
10.)
What is the name of the spot on the Earth’s surface directly above where
the earthquake takes place? Epicenter
11.)
How many seismograph stations are needed to locate an epicenter?
three
12.)
What information is needed in order to use a graph to find out how far
away an earthquake is from a seismograph station? The amount of time
between the arrival of P and S Waves
13.)
Which seismic waves are the slowest and the most destructive?Surface
14.)
What tool is used to measure an earthquake? seismograph
15.)
What is the name of the paper data record that is produced by a
seismograph? seismogram
16.)
Which scale is used to describe the strength of an earthquake
quantitatively? Richter
17.)
Which scale is used to describe the damage caused by an earthquake
qualitatively? Mercalli
18.)
How many earthquakes do scientists record in an average day?
Thousands (2600)
[~16 each year that are 7.0+]
19.)
What phenomenon is caused when shaking earth begins to behave more
like a liquid causing buildings to sink into the soil? Liquefaction
20.)
What is the name for ocean waves caused by earthquakes?
tsunami
21.)
Which type of seismic wave compresses and expands the earth in the
direction of the wave? P wave
22.)
Which type of seismic wave moves the earth at right angles to the
direction of the wave? S wave
23.)
Which type of seismic wave is a combination of P and S waves and moves
land in a rolling and swaying motion? Surface
24.)
Which wave can go through the outer core? P wave
25.)
Which wave goes through the mantle, but is blocked by the liquid outer
core? S wave
26.)
What happens to waves when they enter the liquid outer core?
They slow and bend (refract)
27.)
Which seismic waves are the fastest?
P waves
28.)
What is the name for the part of the Earth where no seismic waves are
detected from a given earthquake? Shadow zone
29.)
Why are there more earthquakes on the west coast of the US than there
are on the east coast?
There is a plate boundary there
30.)
Why don’t S-Waves show up in the shadow zone?
They are blocked by the liquid outer core
31.)
Why don’t P-Waves show up in the shadow zone?
They are bent by the liquid outer core
32.)
What are the four main layers of Earth’s interior?
Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
33.)
What two layers are used to describe the solid and semi-solid nature of
the mantle and crust?
Lithosphere, asthenosphere
34.)
Which layer(s) have humans actually seen?
Crust only
35.)
Which layers make up the lithosphere?
Crust and upper mantle
36.)
Which layers make up the asthenosphere?
Mantle only
37.)
Of the asthenosphere and lithosphere, which is thicker? asthenosphere
38.)
More dense? asthenosphere
39.)
More solid? Lithosphere
40.)
What are the two kinds of crust? Continental and oceanic
41.)
Which rock type would you expect to find in the seafloor? basalt
42.)
Which rock type would you expect to dominate on land? granite
43.)
Which type of crust is thicker? continental
44.)
More dense? oceanic
45.)
Explain (in more than one complete sentence) how seismic waves provide
the indirect evidence for our understanding of the Earth’s layers.
Since we cannot see the layers of the Earth, we must rely on indirect evidence.
The fact that a shadow zone occurs when sensing earthquakes, tells us that there is a
layer within that is blocking some waves and bending others. Also, the speed of waves
change as they pass through different layers within the earth. In addition, the Earth’s
magnetic field tells scientists that a large amount of liquid metal must be present in
the core.
46.) What are two units for density? g/mL and g/cm3
47.) Why do we need two units for density? Volume can be measured in two different
ways. Also, 1cm3 = 1mL
48.) What two things must you measure in order to determine an object’s density?
Mass and volume
49.) What is the formula for density? D= m / v
OR
D=m÷v
50.) If you compute an object’s density, how can you know if it will sink or float? If it
is greater than 1g/mL, it will sink. If it is less than 1g/mL, it will float.
51.) How does density usually change with temperature? As temperature increases,
density decreases.
52.) Name an exception to this rule (a cold solid that has a lower density than its
liquid form). Ice is colder, and so it should be more dense (and sink in water), but it
floats.
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
0-40
40-2800
2800-5200
5200-6400
Thickness
(km)
Temp (ºC)
40
2760
2400
1200
<700
<2800
<5200
5200+
Elements
Silicon,
oxygen
Solid
Magnesium
Iron, Nickel
Mostly Iron
Solid &
Liquid
Hot melted
rock
2nd least
dense
Liquid
Solid
Molten
metal
2nd most
dense
Solid ball of
metal
Most dense
Depth (km)
State
(solid/liquid)
Description Thin outer
shell
Relative
Least dense
Density