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1/27/2017 Marine Science Chemistry Review 2017 Scientific Method Scientific Method – Six Steps – – 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Scientific Laws and Theories After MANY YEARS of retesting and proving the hypothesis, it can become a Scientific Theory – – – A Well-Tested Explanation for a set of observations or experimental results This is not set in stone!!! If new Observations/Experiments come along, the theory can be changed! Purpose Research Hypothesis Experiment Analysis Conclusion end Scientific Notation Steps to writing a number in scientific notation: • If the number is BIGGER than 1: • 1. Find the decimal place 2. Move the decimal place to the LEFT, so that the number is between 1 and 10 • **Remember to count the number of places you moved the decimal!!!!! • **Make sure to have 1 number in front and at least 1 number behind the decimal 3. Write the new number Scientific Law – An organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information The foundation of ALL modern science A statement summarizing a pattern found in nature 4. At the end add: x 10number of places end end Scientific Notation • If the number is SMALLER than 1 1. Find the decimal place 2. Move the decimal place to the RIGHT, so that the number is between 1 and 10 • **Remember to count the number of places you moved the decimal!!!!! 3. Write the new number • **Make sure to have 1 number in front and 1 number behind the decimal 4. At the end add: x 10-number of places end • • • • • • • • • • • • 300000000 = 503 = 10600 = 60 = 450 = 7= 0.00086 = 0.1 = 0.00568 = 0.048 = 0.4 = 0.0000000000459 = 1 1/27/2017 SI Units • Scientists use a standard set of units for all measurements – The SI Units • Same as the Metric System end 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What you are measuring Unit Symbol Length meter m Mass kilogram kg Temperature kelvin K Time second s Volume liter L SI Unit Prefixes King Henry Died Kilo Hecto Deca Deci Centi Milli k h d c m • da By Drinking Chocolate Milk To convert between prefixes: – Find the Start and the Finish – Count the number of places – Move the decimal in that direction the same number of places – If there is only 1 letter, then you are at the Base Unit end 35 mL = ___ L 12 g = ___ mg 25 cm = ___ mm 4 L = ___ daL 4500 mg = ___ g 0.07 m = ___cm Classifying Matter • Matter – Anything that has mass and takes up space – Can be either a Pure Substance or a Mixture • Compound – Can be broken down – Made of Different Atoms – Atoms always combine the same way – Ex: Water (H2O) • Element – Cannot be broken down into simpler things – Made of the Same Atoms – On the Periodic Table – Ex: Gold (Au) end • Filtration Separating Mixtures – Separates based on the size of their particles – Using a coffee filter • Desiccation – Water is completely removed from the substance/organism – Sponges: soaked vs dry • Distillation – Separates a solution based on boiling points – Making moonshine end Physical Properties • Physical property – Something observed/measured that Does NOT change the material Examples: Melting Point Boiling Point Density end 2 1/27/2017 Density (D) Physical Properties – How tightly packed atoms are in a substance Density (g/mL or g/cm 3) m D V mass (g) Volume (mL or cm 3) – Units are either g/mL or g/cm3 • Remember: 1 mL = 1 cm3 !!! – Things that are more dense will sink, Things that are less dense will float end Physical Properties 1. A rock has a mass of 12 g. If it has a volume of 50 mL, what is the rock’s density? 2. A block has a density of 0.15 g/cm3. If the block has a volume of 75 mL, what is the block’s mass? 3. A graduated cylinder has 13.4 mL of water. When a marble, with a density of 6.2 g/mL, is dropped in the cylinder the water level rises to 34 mL. What is the marble’s mass? end Chemical Properties Physical vs. Chemical Changes • Chemical property • Physical Change Examples: Flammability • Chemical Change – Something observed/measured that changes the substance into something else. – Ability to burn in the presence of oxygen (Make Fire!) Reactivity – How quickly a substance combines with another end – Some properties change, • but the substance is still the same – Ex: Ripping Paper, Ice Melting – A reaction forms new substances – Ex: Burning Paper, Making Silly Putty end Physical vs. Chemical Changes • Evidence of a chemical change: Changes of State (Phase Changes) Gas 1. Change in color Ex) Copper roof turns green 2. Production of a gas Ex) See bubbles or starts to smell Sublimation 3. Formation of a precipitate end Vaporization Deposition -Forms a solid 4. Temperature change 5. Production of light Condensation Solid Melting Freezing Liquid end 3 1/27/2017 Atomic Theories- Modern Atom The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element Structure of the Atom Atoms are made up of 3 particles Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Called subatomic particles end Isotopes Isotopes Atoms of the same element With different numbers of neutrons end Which means different mass numbers All elements have isotopes Elements occur naturally as a mixture of isotopes Chemical Bonding Chemical Bond 3 types 1. 2. 3. end Ionic Bonding Ionic Bonding Holds cations and anions together metal and a nonmetal (or polyatomic ion) Electrons are transferred Ionic Compounds form a structure called a Crystal Lattice The cations and anions alternate to form a cube end holds atoms or ions together Ionic--Metal and Nonmetal (& Polyatomic Ions) Covalent--Nonmetal and Nonmetal Metallic--Metal and Metal end Naming Ionic Compound • Naming Ionic Compounds is easy. • There are 3 steps 1. Name the metal 2. Name the nonmetal 3. Change the Ending to –ide end 4 1/27/2017 Naming Ionic Compounds Covalent Bonding • Name the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. BaS MgF2 Ca3N2 KOH NaC2H3O2 Covalent Bond nonmetal and a nonmetal SHARE electrons These are called the Diatomics (H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I) There are 7 nonmetals that never exist by themselves. Na2SO4 BrIN-Cl-HOF Look for the 7 on the P.T. Sr3(PO4)2 end end Naming Covalent Molecules When naming Covalent Molecules: 1. 2. 3. 4. Use a prefix for first element If it is 1, do NOT use a MONO Name the first element Use a prefix for second element Always!!! change the ending to –ide end Organic Chemistry Number Prefix 1 Mono- 3 Tri- 2 4 Di- Tetra- 5 Penta- 7 Hepta- 9 Nona- 6 8 10 Hexa- Naming Covalent Molecules Practice: 1. 2. 3. 4. As2O3 N2H4 CCl4 SO Octa- Deca- • Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and the study of the chemistry of life • Main focus is on Carbon which is essential to all life on earth • Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Oxygen are also involved end Naming Organic Compounds Prefixes for organic carbon chains: Number of C Prefix 1 meth 2 eth 3 prop 4 but 5 pent 6 hex 5 1/27/2017 • Name the following 1. CH4 2. C2H6 3. C4H10 4. C6H14 Acids and Bases • Acid – A compound that produces the hydronium ion (H3O+) when dissolved in water H2O + HCl H3O+ + Cl– Chemical formulas start with an “H” • HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4 – Remember: H+ = H3O+ end Acids and Bases • 3 general properties of acids: – Sour Taste • Like vinegar or spoiled milk • Base – A compound that produces the hydroxide ion (OH-) NaOH Na+ + OH– Chemical formulas end with an “OH” – Reactive with Metals • Mixed with metals they will produce hydrogen gas – Color change in indicators • NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 • 0-6 on pH scale • Phenolphthalein turns colorless • Litmus paper turns red end end Acids and Bases • 3 general properties of bases: – Bitter Taste Chemical Reaction • Neutralization – Reaction between an acid and a base – This is a Double-Replacement Reaction – Produces a salt and water HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl • Like dark chocolate and Cough syrups – Slippery Feeling • The base is dissolving your skin cells – Color change in indicators • 8-14 on the pH scale • Phenolphthalein turns pink/red • Litmus paper turns blue end Acids and Bases Acid Base Water Salt- an Ionic Compound H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 2H2O + MgSO4 end 6 1/27/2017 Strength of Acids and Bases • pH scale – A measure of the hydronium ion (H3O+) concentration – More H3O+ = More Acidic = Lower pH Acidic Neutral Physics and Bio Review Marine Science 2017 Basic end Force Forces A push or pull that acts on an object Causes an object to accelerate Friction Force that opposes an object’s motion Keeps it still or slows it down Types of Friction 1. Static Friction a) A book resting on a table… it’s not going anywhere!! 2. Sliding Friction a) A box being pushed on the floor… it’s sliding! 3. Rolling Friction a) A ball rolling across the floor… it’s rolling! 4. Fluid Friction a) A boat moving through a river (Fluid is the river) b) An object in free-fall (fluid is the air) end Motion and Forces Isaac Newton In 1687 Newton created the “Three Laws of Motion” Newton’s An 1st Law of Motion object at rest will stay at rest, unless acted upon object in motion will stay in motion, unless acted upon An Also Inertia called the “Law of Inertia” Objects end Motion and Forces do NOT want to change their motion end 7 1/27/2017 Motion and Forces Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion An object will accelerate when a force is applied Motion and Forces Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion Example: Fish swimming How?: In the ocean, fish move with the current of the water as objects having force exerted on them. Fish can use their fins to move in the ocean over and above how the currents take them. The force of the water combined with the force of the fish in motion enable it to move. Example: Tides How?: • Newton mathematically explained how forces in nature are affected by the gravitational pull from the moon and sun. • He explained that the pull of the sun and moon on Earth’s oceans causes the movement of tides. • Earth's gravitational and rotational motion forces the ocean waters to move. end For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction end Layers of the Earth • The earth is layered like an onion. • There are 4 main parts: 1. Crust 2. Mantle a) Lithosphere b) Asthenosphere c) Mesosphere 3. Outer Core 4. Inner Core Plate Tectonics • Plates are found in the lithosphere within the mantle and part of the crust • There are 10 major plates: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Pacific plate North American plate Cocos plate Nazca plate South American plate African plate Eurasian plate Indian plate Australian plate Antarctic plate Movement of Plates Convergent: Plates come together creates mountains and volcanoes Divergent: Plates move apart forms “rifts”—where new crust is formed ex) Mid Atlantic Ridge 8 1/27/2017 • 2 Types: Cell Structure – Prokaryotic: • Bacteria and Archaea • Lack membranes around organelles • DNA located in nucleoid – Eukaryotic: • Plants and Animals • Organelles have membranes • DNA located in nucleus Basic Cell Anatomy • Nucleus: “brain” of the cell that holds DNA • Ribosomes: protein synthesis using RNA and amino acids • Endoplasmic reticulum: – Rough : has ribosomes, makes proteins – Smooth: no ribosomes, makes lipids, transports proteins • Cell Membrane: surrounds animal cells, protects from environment • Cell wall: surrounds plant cells • Cytoplasm: semi-fluid substance inside cell, protects/cushions organelles • Golgi Apparatus: moves proteins and lipids from the ER and ribosomes to the rest of the cell • 2 types: Basic Cell Anatomy Continued Chloroplasts: only in plant cells. Site of photosynthesis Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration (energy) Lysosomes: digestive sacs that breakdown waste Vacuole: Storage organelle, holds food, water, and waste • Nucleolus: Where DNA is held, ribosome get information to make proteins • Nuclear Membrane: double layered membrane, separates the inside of the nucleus from the outside • Centriole: organizes cell reproduction (division) • • • • Eukaryotic Cells – Plant Cells • • • • Cell Wall Chloroplasts Central vacuole No lysosomes • • • • No cell wall No chloroplasts Smaller cauoles lysosomes – Animal Cells 9 1/27/2017 10