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Biology B1 key words / definitions Word Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum The Five Kingdoms Animalia Plantae Fungi Protoctista Prokaryotes Chordata Variation Continuous variation Discontinuous variation Over-production Survival Genetic variation Environmental variation Speciation Chromosomes Alleles Dominant Recessive Homozygous Heterozygous Phenotype Genotype Monohybrid inheritance Monohybrid crosses Homeostasis Vasoconstriction Vasodilation 1st draft Oct 2011 Definitions groups of organisms that can successfully interbreed to produce fertile offspring. contains several species with similar characteristics comprising of several genera comprising of several families comprising of several orders comprising of several classes animalia, plantae, fungi, protoctista and prokaryotes (not including viruses which are non-living) multicellular, do not have cell walls, do not have chlorophyll, feed heterotrophically multicellular, have cell walls, have chlorophyll, feed autotroprically multicellular, have cell walls, do not have chlorophyll, feed saprophytically unicellular, have a nucleus unicellular, have no nucleus animals with a supporting rod running the length of the body, most populations of organisms contain individuals which vary slightly from one to another Combined effect of many genes giving a wide range of measurements. Environment often has an impact (for example height) Controlled by alleles of a single gene. Unaffected by environment (for example blood group) most organisms produce more young than will survive to adulthood those with advantageous characteristics are more likely to survive this struggle different characteristics as a result of mutation or reproduction different characteristics caused by an organism’s environment (acquired characteristics) A new species produced through evolution. Usually as a result of graphical separation. Contained in the nucleus. Where genes are located Alternative forms of genes giving rise to differences in inherited characteristics A characteristic that is fully expressed in the phenotype even if only that particular allele is present once (eg Brown eyes) Are only expressed when both alleles are present (Blue eyes) Where the same two alleles for a single trait are present in the genotype (i.e. bb for Blue eyes) Containing alleles in both forms (i.e. Bb) Expressed physical trait (colour of hair, colour of eyes) The specific allele makeup of a cell Inheritance of a single characteristic A cross between parents for a single characteristic which has two possible alleles Maintenance of a stable internal environment A tightening of the blood capillaries A widening if blood vessels resulting from a relaxing of muscle cells. Negative feedback Endocrine glands Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Phototropism Gravitropism Dendrons Axons Sensory neurone Relay neuron Motor neuron Synapse Myelin sheath Neurotransmitters Reflex arc Drug Hallucinogens Stimulants Depressants Nicotine Tar Pathogens Antiseptic Antibiotics Interdependence Trophic level Parasites Parasitism Mutualism Pollutants Polluted water indicators Clean water indicator Air quality indicator Recycling 1st draft Oct 2011 Where a system responds in the opposite direction for example the presence of a hormone inhibiting the manufacture of the same hormone Site of production of hormones Caused by a lack of insulin Caused by a resistance to insulin Growth towards the light (geotropism) growth downwards, into the earth Carry electrical impulses towards the cell body Carry electrical impulses away from the cell body Carries electrical impulses away from a sensory organ (e.g. skin, eyes, ears, tongue) towards the central nervous system. Situated in the spinal cord, these relay signals from sensory neurons, via the brain, to motor neurons Carries electrical impulses away from central nervous system (brain or spinal cord) to an effector, such as a muscle or gland. A gap where an electrical signal is turned into a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) Layers of myelin wrapped around axon or dendron to act as electrical insulation and hence increase the speed of electrical impulses. The nerve ending of a neuron which releases a chemical messenger. From sensory to relay to motor neurons without going to the brain a chemical substance, such as a narcotic or hallucinogen, that affects the central nervous system, causing changes in psychological behaviour and possible addiction including LSD, distort sense perception including caffeine. Increase the speed of reactions and neurotransmission at the synapse, including alcohol. Slow down the activity of the brain. an addictive drug found in cigarettes a carcinogen (cancer causing substance) found in cigarettes Cause infectious diseases Kills bacteria, safe to use on skin Used to control infection. These include antibacterials and antifungals The relationship between different organisms in a particular environment (e.g. food webs) The layers in a pyramid of numbers Examples include fleas, headlice, tapeworms, mistletoe Where only one organism benefits from the relationship and the host is harmed Where both organisms benefit. Examples include oxpeckers, cleaner fish, nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes and chemosynthetic bacteria in tube worms in deep-sea vents. Including phosphates, nitrates and sulphur dioxide Bloodworm, sludgeworm Stonefly, freshwater shrimp Lichen, blackspot fungus on roses As a way of reducing demand for resources and the problems of waste disposal, including paper, plastics and metals