Download Biology B1 key words / definitions

Biology B1 key words / definitions
Word
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
The Five
Kingdoms
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protoctista
Prokaryotes
Chordata
Variation
Continuous
variation
Discontinuous
variation
Over-production
Survival
Genetic variation
Environmental
variation
Speciation
Chromosomes
Alleles
Dominant
Recessive
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Phenotype
Genotype
Monohybrid
inheritance
Monohybrid
crosses
Homeostasis
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
1st draft Oct 2011
Definitions
groups of organisms that can successfully interbreed to produce fertile
offspring.
contains several species with similar characteristics
comprising of several genera
comprising of several families
comprising of several orders
comprising of several classes
animalia, plantae, fungi, protoctista and prokaryotes (not including
viruses which are non-living)
multicellular, do not have cell walls, do not have chlorophyll, feed
heterotrophically
multicellular, have cell walls, have chlorophyll, feed autotroprically
multicellular, have cell walls, do not have chlorophyll, feed
saprophytically
unicellular, have a nucleus
unicellular, have no nucleus
animals with a supporting rod running the length of the body,
most populations of organisms contain individuals which vary slightly
from one to another
Combined effect of many genes giving a wide range of measurements.
Environment often has an impact (for example height)
Controlled by alleles of a single gene. Unaffected by environment (for
example blood group)
most organisms produce more young than will survive to adulthood
those with advantageous characteristics are more likely to survive this
struggle
different characteristics as a result of mutation or reproduction
different characteristics caused by an organism’s environment
(acquired characteristics)
A new species produced through evolution. Usually as a result of
graphical separation.
Contained in the nucleus. Where genes are located
Alternative forms of genes giving rise to differences in inherited
characteristics
A characteristic that is fully expressed in the phenotype even if only
that particular allele is present once (eg Brown eyes)
Are only expressed when both alleles are present (Blue eyes)
Where the same two alleles for a single trait are present in the
genotype (i.e. bb for Blue eyes)
Containing alleles in both forms (i.e. Bb)
Expressed physical trait (colour of hair, colour of eyes)
The specific allele makeup of a cell
Inheritance of a single characteristic
A cross between parents for a single characteristic which has two
possible alleles
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
A tightening of the blood capillaries
A widening if blood vessels resulting from a relaxing of muscle cells.
Negative feedback
Endocrine glands
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Phototropism
Gravitropism
Dendrons
Axons
Sensory neurone
Relay neuron
Motor neuron
Synapse
Myelin sheath
Neurotransmitters
Reflex arc
Drug
Hallucinogens
Stimulants
Depressants
Nicotine
Tar
Pathogens
Antiseptic
Antibiotics
Interdependence
Trophic level
Parasites
Parasitism
Mutualism
Pollutants
Polluted water
indicators
Clean water
indicator
Air quality indicator
Recycling
1st draft Oct 2011
Where a system responds in the opposite direction for example the
presence of a hormone inhibiting the manufacture of the same
hormone
Site of production of hormones
Caused by a lack of insulin
Caused by a resistance to insulin
Growth towards the light
(geotropism) growth downwards, into the earth
Carry electrical impulses towards the cell body
Carry electrical impulses away from the cell body
Carries electrical impulses away from a sensory organ (e.g. skin, eyes,
ears, tongue) towards the central nervous system.
Situated in the spinal cord, these relay signals from sensory neurons,
via the brain, to motor neurons
Carries electrical impulses away from central nervous system (brain or
spinal cord) to an effector, such as a muscle or gland.
A gap where an electrical signal is turned into a chemical signal
(neurotransmitter)
Layers of myelin wrapped around axon or dendron to act as electrical
insulation and hence increase the speed of electrical impulses.
The nerve ending of a neuron which releases a chemical messenger.
From sensory to relay to motor neurons without going to the brain
a chemical substance, such as a narcotic or hallucinogen, that affects
the central nervous system, causing changes in psychological
behaviour and possible addiction
including LSD, distort sense perception
including caffeine. Increase the speed of reactions and
neurotransmission at the synapse,
including alcohol. Slow down the activity of the brain.
an addictive drug found in cigarettes
a carcinogen (cancer causing substance) found in cigarettes
Cause infectious diseases
Kills bacteria, safe to use on skin
Used to control infection. These include antibacterials and antifungals
The relationship between different organisms in a particular
environment (e.g. food webs)
The layers in a pyramid of numbers
Examples include fleas, headlice, tapeworms, mistletoe
Where only one organism benefits from the relationship and the host is
harmed
Where both organisms benefit. Examples include oxpeckers, cleaner
fish, nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes and chemosynthetic bacteria in
tube worms in deep-sea vents.
Including phosphates, nitrates and sulphur dioxide
Bloodworm, sludgeworm
Stonefly, freshwater shrimp
Lichen, blackspot fungus on roses
As a way of reducing demand for resources and the problems of waste
disposal, including paper, plastics and metals