Download Chapter 11 and 12-2 Review/Study Guide for Test

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Chapter 11 and 12-2 Review/Study Guide for Test
1. List the major discovery or accomplishment associated with of each of the
following scientists:
a. Democritus – named the atom
b. Dalton – said the atom was positively charged, had his atomic theory (all
atoms of the same element are the same, atoms of different elements
are different, everything is made up of atoms)
c. Thomson – discovered the electron through the cathode-ray tube
experiment
d. Rutherford – discovered the nucleus through the gold foil experiment
e. Bohr – said electrons follow definite paths outside the nucleus.
2. How can you distinguish between isotopes? By their mass numbers.
3. What makes an atom neutral? If it has an equal number of protons and
electrons.
4. How does an atom become an ion? By gaining or losing electrons.
5. What happens to the electrons in the atom when it becomes an ion? They are
gained or lost to another atom.
6. What is an isotope? When atoms of the same element have different numbers of
neutrons from each other.
7. What determines the identity of an element? The number of protons in the
nucleus (the atomic number)
8. How do you calculate the atomic mass of an element? It is the weighted average
of the mass numbers of all of the isotopes.
9. What is an atom? The smallest particle into which an element can be divided and
still be the same substance.
10. Why do scientists say that most of the mass of an atom is located in the
nucleus? The mass of a proton is 1, the mass of a neutron is 1 and the mass of
an electron is almost 0 amu. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus and
electrons are outside of the nucleus.
11. Honors only: Calculate the atomic mass of silver, which occurs naturally as 52
percent silver-107 and 48 percent silver-109. Show your work. Round to the
nearest hundredth.
0.52 x 107 = 55.64
55.64 + 52.32 = 107.96
0.48 x 109 = 52.32
12. State the charge, location and mass of each of the particles found in an atom.
Protons – positive, in the nucleus, 1
Neutrons – neutral, in the nucleus, 1
Electrons – negative, electron cloud, almost 0
P5
N6
13. Draw a Bohr diagram for Boron-11.
5 electrons on the outside, 2 on the first shell, 3 on the second
14. What is a strong force?
The force keeping the nucleus together.
15. What is the electromagnetic force?
The force attracting the protons to the neutrons.
16. Fill in the missing parts of the chart. – HONORS
Element
Symbol /
Ion
S
-2
Co
+2
Ga
Na
+
Atomic
Mass
Mass
Number
Atomic
Number
Charge
# of
Protons
# of
Neutrons
# of
Electrons
32.064
32
16
-2
16
16
18
58.9332
59
27
+2
27
32
25
69.723
70
31
0
31
39
31
22.9898
23
11
+1
11
12
10
ACADEMIC
Element
Symbol
Atomic
Mass
Mass
Number
Atomic
Number
# of
Protons
# of
Neutrons
# of
Electrons
S
32.064
32
16
16
16
16
Co
58.9332
59
27
27
32
27
Ga
69.723
70
31
31
39
31
Na
22.9898
23
11
11
12
11
17. Explain the difference between a group and a period on the periodic table of
elements.
A group shares similar properties and is a vertical column. A period is a horizontal row
and changes from metals to metalloids to nonmetals moving across the table.
18. Why are neither the alkali metals nor the alkaline-earth metals found
uncombined in nature?
They are very reactive.
19. Why is the element hydrogen not part of a group?
It only has 1 valence electron and has properties of a nonmetal.
20. Fill in the information on the chart about the major groups on the periodic table.
Group Number
and Group
Name
Group 1
Group
Contains
Number
of
Valence
Electrons
Reactivity
Shared Properties
Metal
1
Very reactive
Soft, silver colored, shiny, low
density
Metals
2
Reactive
Silver-colored, more dense
Metals
1 or 2
Varies in
reactivity
Shiny, good conductors,
higher densities than groups 1
and 2
Group 13
Metalloids
and metals
3
Somewhat
reactive
Solid at room temperature
Group 14
Metals,
metalloids
and
nonmetals
Metals,
metalloids,
and
nonmetals
Metals,
metalloids
and
nonmetals
4
Somewhat
reactive
Solid at room temperature
5
Somewhat
reactive
All but N solid at room
temperature
6
Reactive
All but O solid at room
temperature
Nonmetals
7
Very reactive
Poor conductors
Nonmetals
8
Not reactive
Colorless, odorless, gases at
room temperature
Group 2
Group 3 - 12
Group 15
Group 16
Group 17
Group 18
21. Color on the periodic table the location of the metals, nonmetals and metalloids.
Check textbook page 304.