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Memory Mr. Grossmann Intro to Psychology What are we looking for? • Is there more than one type of memory? • What causes forgetting? – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR2V_mLjUyQ • How can memory be improved? • What are some disorders affecting memory? What is memory? • Memory: The mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving information. – Encoding: Converting info into retainable form – Storage: Holding info in memory for later use – Retrieval: Recovering info from storage in memory Sensory Memory • First stage of memory • Holds exact record of incoming information (think five senses) • Only lasts a few seconds or less • What did you say? • Holds info just long enough to transfer it to secondary system Short Term Memory • Second stage of memory • Used to hold small amounts of info for brief periods • Controlled by selective attention • Stored by sound (phonetically) • Provides an area for working memory • Sensitive to interruption/interference • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuvF113uty 4 Long Term Memory • • • • • • Final stage of memory Contains info we consider important Relatively permanent storage No limit to the amount you can store Stored on the basis of meaning Dual Memory: Removal of memories from LTM to STM temporarily in order to make meaning of something With hocked gems financing him, our hero bravely defied all scornful laughter. “Your eyes deceive,” he had said, “An egg, not a table, correctly typifies this unexplored planet.” Now three sturdy sisters sought proof. Forging along, days became weeks as many doubters spread fearful rumors about the edge. At last from nowhere welcome winged creatures appeared, signifying momentous success. Columbus Discovers America With hocked gems financing him, our hero bravely defied all scornful laughter. “Your eyes deceive,” he had said, “An egg, not a table, correctly typifies this unexplored planet.” Now three sturdy sisters sought proof. Forging along, days became weeks as many doubters spread fearful rumors about the edge. At last from nowhere welcome winged creatures appeared, signifying momentous success. Model of Memory Long-Term Memory: In Depth • So we know the stages of memory, but are all memories created equal? • Memories are maintained in short-term or transferred to long-term through: – Maintenance rehearsal: Repeating or mentally reviewing info silently. STM STM – Elaborative rehearsal: Linking new info to old info. STM LTM Many Types of Memory • Within LTM there are several types of memories that are stored and recalled, many without our realization. • Nondeclarative Memory: Conditioned responses and learned actions (skills) without much thought required. Also called implicit memory. • Declarative Memory: Specific information like names, faces, dates, ideas (facts) that requires recollection. Also called explicit memory. Declarative Memory • Declarative (factual), also called explicit memory, can be further separated into categories • Semantic Memory: Basic factual knowledge about the world that is nearly immune to forgetting – “There are things you know for sure…I know what that's going to sound like when I knock on it. I know what that's going to feel like when I pick it up. See? Certainties. It's the kind of memory that you take for granted.” • Episodic Memory: “Autobiographical” record of personal experiences – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ls0XS6J3fs0 Nondeclarative Memory • Nondeclarative (skill), also called implicit memory, can be further separated into categories. • Procedural Memory: Basic conditioned responses and learned actions (skills and tasks). • Priming: Automatic process that enhances the speed and accuracy of a response due to past experiences – More likely to recall the word “nurse” if you just read “doctor” • Conditioning: Associations formed between stimuli – Something in the past triggers a memory, then a specific action Final Types of Memory • Working Memory: Lasts 2-8 seconds as a part of short-term memory, involves the information we are working with at a given time. – Used when doing a math problem or remembering a specific name or date. • Prospective Memory: Memory for tasks to be completed in the future. – Requires working memory. Exceptional Memory • Some individuals have what is deemed “exceptional memory” • There are several different types of exceptional memory. • This memory can be learned or natural. • Hyperthymesia: The ability to remember specific events from personal experience with perfect detail (autobiographical memory). – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwu9r6YIt1A • Eidetic Memory: Ability to accurately recall a large number of images, sounds and objects in an unlimited volume (photographic memory). – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3IMP0fwlCM • Mnemonists: Individuals with the ability to recall long lists of information like names, numbers, etc. – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GAr9-gbnJc • Savants: People with developmental disorders but can are exceptional in one or more areas. – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9J-RzM4Ee5I What Affects Memory Based on trying to memorize the dialogues and hearing others attempt to perform them, what factors do you think affect memory? Factors • • • • • • • Time State of mind Cues Sleep Interference Recitation/Rehearsal Prior Knowledge/Familiarity – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0pCserotBQ Repressed Memory • Repression is motivated forgetting of certain memories. • Usually these memories are painful, embarrassing or threatening. – Example is soldiers coming back from war and witnessing terrible events. • Different from suppression, which is conscious avoidance of a memory.