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GLOSSARY Adenine : (6-aminopurine) - a nitrogenous base derived from amino acids and sugars and is basic constituent of DNA, RNA, ATP etc. Antiparallel : Two linear polymers that are opposite in polarity or orientation. Cell : Fundamental unit of living organism and the basis of its structure and physiology. Chromosome : Thread-like structure having genetic material of organism made up of chromatin and becomes visible under light microscope prior to nuclear division due to condensation of chromatin. Cytosine : (4-amino, 2-oxypyrimidine) a crystalline pyrimidine base obtained by hydrolysis of DNA. DNA : (Deoxyribonucleic acid) - hereditary substance in living organisms. It is mostly found in chromosomes in association with histones in eukaryotes while it is naked forming circles or loops in prokaryotes. DNA ligase : An enzyme that catalyses the linking of two molecules. DNA polymerase : A group of enzymes that catalyses the polymerization assisting in the formation of DNA. DNA supercoiling: The coiling of DNA upon itself, as a result of bending, under-winding or overwinding of the DNA helix. Eukaryotes : Organisms with cells that have nuclear material surrounded by and separated from cytoplasm by a definite nuclear membrane. Exonuclease : Enzyme that detaches a nucleotide from nucleic acid (DNA) to break it down by hydrolysis. Genome : Complete set of haploid number of chromosomes in an organism. Guanine : (2-amino, 6-oxypurine) a crystalline purine derivative obtained by hydrolysis of DNA. Helicase : An enzyme that catalyses the separation of strands in a DNA molecules before replication . Interphase : Period during cell division following cytokinensis till next nuclear division. Isotope : Two or more forms of chemical element with different relative atomic mass and different nuclear but not chemical properties. Lagging strand : The DNA strand that during replication, is synthesized in the direction opposite to that in which the replication fork moves. Leading strand : replication, The is DNA strand synthesized that, in the during same direction in which the replication fork moves. Mitosis : Nuclear division in which nucleus of cell divides to form two daughter nuclei having same number of chromosomes as original nucleus. Monomer : A substance composed of small molecules which under the proper conditions may unite to form a polymer. Nucleoid : In bacteria, the nuclear zone that contains the chromosome but has no surrounding membrane. Nucleoside : Base sugar complex formed when purine or pyrimidine base combines with carbon 1 of pentose sugar. Nucleus : Cell organelle in eukaryotic cell that contains genetic material (chromatin) and nucleoplasm surrounded by nuclear membrane. Pentose sugar : The 5-carbon sugar, e. g. ribose, deoxyribose etc. Phosphate : Any salt or ester of phosphoric acid. Phosphodiester bond : A chemical grouping that contains two alcohols esterified to one molecule of phosphoric acid, which thus serves as a bridge between them. Polynucleotide : A covalently linked sequence of nucleotides in which 3 hydroxyl of the pentose sugar of one nucleotide residue is joined by a phosphodiester bond to the 5 hydroxyl of the pentose sugar of the next residue. Primase : An enzyme that catalyses the formation of RNA oligonucleotides used as primers by DNA polymerases. Primer : A short oligomer (e, g. of sugars or nucleotides) to which an enzyme adds additional monomeric subunits. Prokaryotes : Organisms with cells in which nuclear material is not separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane. Purine : Nitrogen containing organic base synthesized mainly from amino acids. Two purines- adenine and guanine are constituents of nucleotides. Pyrimidine : A nitrogenous heterocyclic base found in nucleotides and nucleic acids; the two pyrimidines are- Thymine and Cytosine. Replication : Formation of exact copies (replicas). Replicon : Individual unit of replication. RNA : (Ribonucleic acid) - single stranded nucleotide polymer; each nucleotide made up of phosphoric acid, ribose sugar and one of the four bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil). RNA polymerase : A group of enzymes that catalyses polymerization assisting in the formation of RNA. Semi conservative replication: Process by which DNA makes exact copies of a self involving uncoiling of double stranded DNA molecule. S-phase : Period replication during takes cell division place (as when DNA chromosomes divide into chromatids. Template : A macromolecular mold or pattern for the synthesis of an informational molecule. Thymine : (5-methyl, crystalline 2-4, pyrimidine dioxypyrimidine) base obtained a by hydrolysis from DNA. Topoisomerase : Enzymes that introduce positive or negative super coils in closed circular duplex DNA. Uracil : (2-4, dioxypyrimidine) a pyrimidine base obtained by hydrolysis of RNA (and replaced by Thymine in DNA). X-ray crystallography : The analysis of x-ray diffraction patterns of a crystalline compound, used to determine the molecule’s three dimensional structure.