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Brief Contents
xvii
Preface to Fifth Edition
xix
Guided Tour
xxi
Accompanying Online Resources for Instructors and Students
xxv
AL
Notes on Contributors
Introducing Social Psychology
Wolfgang Stroebe, Miles Hewstone and Klaus Jonas
Chapter 2
Research Methods in Social Psychology
Antony S. R. Manstead and Andrew G. Livingstone
Chapter 3
Social Perception and Attribution
Brian Parkinson
Chapter 4
Social Cognition
Louise Pendry
Chapter 5
The Self
Carolyn C. Morf and Sander L. Koole
Chapter 6
Attitudes
Geoffrey Haddock and Gregory R. Maio
171
Chapter 7
Strategies of Attitude and Behaviour Change
Wolfgang Stroebe
201
Chapter 8
Social Influence
Miles Hewstone and Robin Martin
235
Chapter 9
Aggression
Barbara Krahé
273
Chapter 10
Prosocial Behaviour
Mark Levine and Rachel Manning
313
Chapter 11
Affiliation, Attraction and Close Relationships
Johan C. Karremans and Catrin Finkenauer
353
Chapter 12
Group Dynamics
Bernard A. Nijstad and Daan Van Knippenberg
387
Chapter 13
Group Performance and Leadership
Stefan Schulz-Hardt and Felix C. Brodbeck
415
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Chapter 1
1
25
55
91
121
viii
BRIEF CONTENTS
Chapter 14
Prejudice and Intergroup Relations
Russell Spears and Nicole Tausch
449
Chapter 15
Cultural Social Psychology
Peter B. Smith
499
References
537
Glossary
601
Name Index
613
Subject Index
629
Contents
Notes on Contributors
xvii
Preface to Fifth Edition
xix
Guided Tour
xxi
Accompanying Online Resources for Instructors and Students
xxv
Introducing Social Psychology
Wolfgang Stroebe, Miles Hewstone and Klaus Jonas
1
Introduction: Some Classic Studies
How do social psychologists go about addressing research questions?
What Is Social Psychology?
How do social psychologists define their discipline?
How Does Social Psychology Differ from Other Disciplines?
What differentiates social psychology from related disciplines
such as personality, psychology and sociology?
A Brief History of Social Psychology
The beginning
The early years
The years of expansion
The crisis years
Overcoming the crisis
Social Psychology in Europe
Social Psychology Today
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Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Research Methods in Social Psychology
Antony S. R. Manstead and Andrew G. Livingstone
Introduction
Summary
Research Strategies
Experiments and quasi-experiments
Survey research
Qualitative approaches
Summary
A Closer Look at Experimentation in Social Psychology
Features of the social psychological experiment
Experimental designs
Threats to validity in experimental research
Social psychological experiments on the Internet
Problems with experimentation
Summary
Data Collection Techniques
Observational measures
Self-report measures
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CONTENTS
Implicit measures
Choosing a measure
Social neuroscience
Summary
Chapter 3
Social Perception and Attribution
Brian Parkinson
Introduction
Social Perception
Summary
Attribution Theory
Correspondent inference theory
Covariation theory
Access to covariation information
Knowledge, expectation and covariation
Learning about causation using covariation and causal power
Attributions and achievement
Attribution and depression
Misattribution of arousal
Attributional biases
Explaining intentional behaviour
The naïve scientist metaphor
Attributions as discourse
Summary
Social Perception and Social Reality
Automatic and Controlled Social Perception
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
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Social Cognition
Louise Pendry
91
Introduction
Jumping to Conclusions or Working Things Out Slowly
The Automatic Pilot Within
What makes a process automatic?
The pervasive nature of social categorization
Schemas: The next step in the process?
Making judgements when you don’t have all the data: cognitive heuristics
Why do we fall prey to judgemental heuristics?
Schema activation and behaviour
Summary
Going the Extra Mile: Regaining Cognitive Control
Stereotype? What stereotype? How goals can stop the stereotype
being activated in the first place
Quashing the effects of stereotype activation once it has occurred
Summary
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The Self
Carolyn C. Morf and Sander L. Koole
The Self and Its Social Nature
Where Self-Knowledge Comes From
Through our own observation: personal sources
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CONTENTS
Through the help of others: social sources
Experiencing a coherent self: autobiographical memories and the self as narrative
Summary
The Organizational Function of the Self: The Self As Mental Representation
The nature of the self-concept
The nature of self-esteem
Cultural and gender influences on self-knowledge
The neural underpinnings of self-knowledge
Summary
The Motivational Functions of the Self
Know thyself: the self-assessment motive
Bigger, better, faster, stronger: the self-enhancement motive
The puzzle of low self-regard: self-verification
Why do we self-enhance?
The pros and cons of pursuing self-esteem
Summary
The Regulatory Functions of the Self: The Self in Control
Self-awareness theory
Self-regulation theory
The dark side of self-regulation
Escaping the self
Autonomous self-regulation as a resource
Summary
Self Stability and Change
Chapter 6
Attitudes
Geoffrey Haddock and Gregory R. Maio
Introduction
What Is an Attitude?
Summary
The Content of Attitudes
The cognitive component of attitudes
The affective component of attitudes
The behavioural component of attitudes
How related are the components of attitudes?
Summary
The Structure of Attitudes
Summary
Why Do We Hold Attitudes?
Object appraisal
Utilitarian versus value-expressive attitudes
Summary
Linking Attitude Content, Structure and Function
Content, structure, function and attitude strength
Summary
The Measurement of Attitudes
Explicit measures of attitudes
Issues relevant to the explicit measurement of attitudes
Implicit measures of attitudes
Are attitude measures reliable and valid?
Summary
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CONTENTS
Do Attitudes Predict Behaviour?
When do attitudes predict behaviour?
Do explicit and implicit measures of attitude predict
different types of behaviour?
Models of attitude–behaviour relations
Summary
Chapter 7
Strategies of Attitude and Behaviour Change
Wolfgang Stroebe
Introduction
Persuasion
Theories of systematic processing
Summary
Dual-process theories of persuasion
Summary
Changing implicit attitudes
Summary
Advertising as applied persuasion
Summary
Incentive-Induced Attitude Change
Counterattitudinal behaviour and attitude change
Some paradoxical effects of incentives and sanctions
Further limitations of the effectiveness of incentive-induced change
Summary
Chapter 8
Social Influence
Miles Hewstone and Robin Martin
Introduction
Incidental Social Infl uence
Social facilitation
The impact of social norms
Summary
Why Does Social Infl uence Occur?
Summary
Deliberate Social Infl uence
Inducing compliance
The influence of numerical majorities and minorities
Group decision making
Obedience to authority
Summary
Chapter 9
Aggression
Barbara Krahé
Introduction
Definition and Measurement of Aggressive Behaviour
Observation of aggressive behaviour
Obtaining reports of aggressive behaviour
Summary
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CONTENTS
Theories of Aggression
Biological approaches
Psychological approaches
Summary
Personal and Situational Variables Affecting Aggressive Behaviour
Individual differences in aggressive behaviour
Situational influences on aggressive behaviour
Summary
Aggression As a Social Problem
Intimate partner violence
Sexual aggression
Bullying in school and the workplace
Intergroup violence
Summary
Psychological Prevention and Intervention
Catharsis
Punishment
De-escalation through eliciting incompatible responses
Summary
Chapter 10
Prosocial Behaviour
Mark Levine and Rachel Manning
Introduction
Prosocial Behaviour, Helping and Altruism
Definitions
The altruism–egoism debate
Prosocial behaviours
Summary
Why Don’t People Help?
A decision-making model of bystander behaviour
Summary
Why Do People Help?
The costs and rewards of helping
Groups, identity and prosocial behaviour
Helping outgroups
Social identity and the bystander effect
Social identity, emotion and bystander intervention
Summary
Issues in Researching Prosocial Behaviour
Violence and helping
Gender and helping
Long-term, sustained helping behaviours
Summary
Does Evolution Make Us Selfish?
When helping is not self-interested
Summary
The Social Neuroscience of Helping
Summary
Helping in the Real World
Do people act selfishly in life-threatening emergencies?
Summary
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CONTENTS
Chapter 11
Affiliation, Attraction and Close Relationships
Johan C. Karremans and Catrin Finkenauer
Introduction
The Importance of Relationships
Relationships and psychological wellbeing
Relationships and physical wellbeing
The role of social support
The immediate effects of social exclusion
The need to belong
Attachment
Summary
Interpersonal Attraction
The benefits of physical attractiveness
What is beautiful is good
The features that determine physical attractiveness
Contextual influences on physical attractiveness
Psychological attraction
Proximity
Familiarity
Similarity
Underestimating the power of the situation
Summary
Romantic Relationships
Love
Relationship satisfaction and stability
Thoughts and behaviours that enhance relationship functioning
Summary
General Relationship Processes
Types of relationships
Disclosure
Perceived partner responsiveness
Relationship ending
Summary
Chapter 12
Group Dynamics
Bernard A. Nijstad and Daan Van Knippenberg
Introduction
The Phenomenology of Groups
Defining groups
Why groups?
Types of groups, entitativity and group functions
Summary
Individuals in Groups: The Individual Level of Analysis
Joining a group and group socialization: becoming a full member
Being in a group: maintenance and role negotiation
Leaving a group: divergence and exit
Summary
Group Development and Structure: The Group Level of Analysis
Group development
On being similar: norms, shared cognition and cohesion
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CONTENTS
On being different: status and roles
Summary
Groups in Their Environment: The Intergroup Level of Analysis
The intergroup context and the salience of group membership
The intergroup context, group perceptions and social influence
Summary
Chapter 13
Group Performance and Leadership
Stefan Schulz-Hardt and Felix C. Brodbeck
Introduction
Some Core Concepts: Actual Group Performance, Group Potential and Task Type
Actual and potential group performance
Basic types of group tasks and their implications for group potential
Summary
Process Losses Versus Process Gains in Group Performance
Types of process losses and process gains
Summary
Group Performance Management
Three basic principles of group performance management
Summary
Leadership
Approaches to the study of leadership
Summary
Leadership in Groups
Group and task design
Group synchronization
Group development and learning
Summary
Chapter 14
Prejudice and Intergroup Relations
Russell Spears and Nicole Tausch
Introduction
Personality Approaches to Prejudice
The authoritarian personality
Prejudice and a desire for social dominance
Authoritarianism and social dominance orientation as ideologies
Summary
The Cognitive Approach to Prejudice
Outgroup homogeneity, stereotyping and prejudice
Illusory correlation: a purely cognitive mechanism producing prejudice?
Developments and integrations
Summary
Group Approaches to Prejudice
Intragroup processes, ingroup bias and prejudice
Intergroup explanations of prejudice and discrimination
The individual’s relation to the group: group identification and its components
Elaborating the intergroup level
Integrative intergroup theories
Can emotions help to explain the variety and intensity of prejudice?
Summary
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CONTENTS
Psychological Interventions to Reduce Prejudice and Improve Intergroup Relations
The ‘contact hypothesis’
Varying levels of categorization
Psychological processes involved in intergroup contact and prejudice reduction
Other prejudice-reduction techniques
The wider implications of prejudice reduction
Summary
Chapter 15
Cultural Social Psychology
Peter B. Smith
Introduction
Culture and Cultural Differences
Defining culture
Nations as cultures
Measuring culture
Overcoming methodological challenges
Summary
Culture and Cognition
Summary
Culture and Self-Construal
Is self-enhancement universal?
How many cultural differences can self-construal explain?
Self-construal over time
Summary
Interpersonal Relations
Prosocial behaviour with strangers
Intimate relationships
Summary
Group Processes
Summary
Intergroup Relations
Group honour
Negotiation
Summary
Intercultural Relations
Migration and acculturation
Summary
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532
References
537
Glossary
601
Name Index
613
Subject Index
629