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Transcript
Brief Contents xvii Preface to Fifth Edition xix Guided Tour xxi Accompanying Online Resources for Instructors and Students xxv AL Notes on Contributors Introducing Social Psychology Wolfgang Stroebe, Miles Hewstone and Klaus Jonas Chapter 2 Research Methods in Social Psychology Antony S. R. Manstead and Andrew G. Livingstone Chapter 3 Social Perception and Attribution Brian Parkinson Chapter 4 Social Cognition Louise Pendry Chapter 5 The Self Carolyn C. Morf and Sander L. Koole Chapter 6 Attitudes Geoffrey Haddock and Gregory R. Maio 171 Chapter 7 Strategies of Attitude and Behaviour Change Wolfgang Stroebe 201 Chapter 8 Social Influence Miles Hewstone and Robin Martin 235 Chapter 9 Aggression Barbara Krahé 273 Chapter 10 Prosocial Behaviour Mark Levine and Rachel Manning 313 Chapter 11 Affiliation, Attraction and Close Relationships Johan C. Karremans and Catrin Finkenauer 353 Chapter 12 Group Dynamics Bernard A. Nijstad and Daan Van Knippenberg 387 Chapter 13 Group Performance and Leadership Stefan Schulz-Hardt and Felix C. Brodbeck 415 CO PY RI GH TE D MA TE RI Chapter 1 1 25 55 91 121 viii BRIEF CONTENTS Chapter 14 Prejudice and Intergroup Relations Russell Spears and Nicole Tausch 449 Chapter 15 Cultural Social Psychology Peter B. Smith 499 References 537 Glossary 601 Name Index 613 Subject Index 629 Contents Notes on Contributors xvii Preface to Fifth Edition xix Guided Tour xxi Accompanying Online Resources for Instructors and Students xxv Introducing Social Psychology Wolfgang Stroebe, Miles Hewstone and Klaus Jonas 1 Introduction: Some Classic Studies How do social psychologists go about addressing research questions? What Is Social Psychology? How do social psychologists define their discipline? How Does Social Psychology Differ from Other Disciplines? What differentiates social psychology from related disciplines such as personality, psychology and sociology? A Brief History of Social Psychology The beginning The early years The years of expansion The crisis years Overcoming the crisis Social Psychology in Europe Social Psychology Today 3 3 5 5 7 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Research Methods in Social Psychology Antony S. R. Manstead and Andrew G. Livingstone Introduction Summary Research Strategies Experiments and quasi-experiments Survey research Qualitative approaches Summary A Closer Look at Experimentation in Social Psychology Features of the social psychological experiment Experimental designs Threats to validity in experimental research Social psychological experiments on the Internet Problems with experimentation Summary Data Collection Techniques Observational measures Self-report measures 7 10 10 13 14 17 18 19 21 25 27 28 30 30 32 32 37 37 37 40 42 45 46 47 48 48 50 x CONTENTS Implicit measures Choosing a measure Social neuroscience Summary Chapter 3 Social Perception and Attribution Brian Parkinson Introduction Social Perception Summary Attribution Theory Correspondent inference theory Covariation theory Access to covariation information Knowledge, expectation and covariation Learning about causation using covariation and causal power Attributions and achievement Attribution and depression Misattribution of arousal Attributional biases Explaining intentional behaviour The naïve scientist metaphor Attributions as discourse Summary Social Perception and Social Reality Automatic and Controlled Social Perception Chapter 4 Chapter 5 51 52 52 52 55 57 57 60 60 61 63 65 66 67 68 70 71 75 84 85 86 87 87 88 Social Cognition Louise Pendry 91 Introduction Jumping to Conclusions or Working Things Out Slowly The Automatic Pilot Within What makes a process automatic? The pervasive nature of social categorization Schemas: The next step in the process? Making judgements when you don’t have all the data: cognitive heuristics Why do we fall prey to judgemental heuristics? Schema activation and behaviour Summary Going the Extra Mile: Regaining Cognitive Control Stereotype? What stereotype? How goals can stop the stereotype being activated in the first place Quashing the effects of stereotype activation once it has occurred Summary 93 93 94 95 95 97 100 102 103 106 106 The Self Carolyn C. Morf and Sander L. Koole The Self and Its Social Nature Where Self-Knowledge Comes From Through our own observation: personal sources 107 107 118 121 123 124 124 CONTENTS Through the help of others: social sources Experiencing a coherent self: autobiographical memories and the self as narrative Summary The Organizational Function of the Self: The Self As Mental Representation The nature of the self-concept The nature of self-esteem Cultural and gender influences on self-knowledge The neural underpinnings of self-knowledge Summary The Motivational Functions of the Self Know thyself: the self-assessment motive Bigger, better, faster, stronger: the self-enhancement motive The puzzle of low self-regard: self-verification Why do we self-enhance? The pros and cons of pursuing self-esteem Summary The Regulatory Functions of the Self: The Self in Control Self-awareness theory Self-regulation theory The dark side of self-regulation Escaping the self Autonomous self-regulation as a resource Summary Self Stability and Change Chapter 6 Attitudes Geoffrey Haddock and Gregory R. Maio Introduction What Is an Attitude? Summary The Content of Attitudes The cognitive component of attitudes The affective component of attitudes The behavioural component of attitudes How related are the components of attitudes? Summary The Structure of Attitudes Summary Why Do We Hold Attitudes? Object appraisal Utilitarian versus value-expressive attitudes Summary Linking Attitude Content, Structure and Function Content, structure, function and attitude strength Summary The Measurement of Attitudes Explicit measures of attitudes Issues relevant to the explicit measurement of attitudes Implicit measures of attitudes Are attitude measures reliable and valid? Summary 127 129 130 131 131 134 138 142 143 144 144 145 152 153 155 156 156 159 159 164 164 165 166 166 171 173 173 174 174 175 176 177 178 180 180 181 181 183 183 185 185 185 185 186 186 187 188 190 190 xi xii CONTENTS Do Attitudes Predict Behaviour? When do attitudes predict behaviour? Do explicit and implicit measures of attitude predict different types of behaviour? Models of attitude–behaviour relations Summary Chapter 7 Strategies of Attitude and Behaviour Change Wolfgang Stroebe Introduction Persuasion Theories of systematic processing Summary Dual-process theories of persuasion Summary Changing implicit attitudes Summary Advertising as applied persuasion Summary Incentive-Induced Attitude Change Counterattitudinal behaviour and attitude change Some paradoxical effects of incentives and sanctions Further limitations of the effectiveness of incentive-induced change Summary Chapter 8 Social Influence Miles Hewstone and Robin Martin Introduction Incidental Social Infl uence Social facilitation The impact of social norms Summary Why Does Social Infl uence Occur? Summary Deliberate Social Infl uence Inducing compliance The influence of numerical majorities and minorities Group decision making Obedience to authority Summary Chapter 9 Aggression Barbara Krahé Introduction Definition and Measurement of Aggressive Behaviour Observation of aggressive behaviour Obtaining reports of aggressive behaviour Summary 191 191 195 195 199 201 203 203 203 207 207 216 216 219 219 224 225 225 230 231 231 235 237 237 237 239 245 245 247 247 247 249 259 265 271 273 275 275 277 277 279 CONTENTS Theories of Aggression Biological approaches Psychological approaches Summary Personal and Situational Variables Affecting Aggressive Behaviour Individual differences in aggressive behaviour Situational influences on aggressive behaviour Summary Aggression As a Social Problem Intimate partner violence Sexual aggression Bullying in school and the workplace Intergroup violence Summary Psychological Prevention and Intervention Catharsis Punishment De-escalation through eliciting incompatible responses Summary Chapter 10 Prosocial Behaviour Mark Levine and Rachel Manning Introduction Prosocial Behaviour, Helping and Altruism Definitions The altruism–egoism debate Prosocial behaviours Summary Why Don’t People Help? A decision-making model of bystander behaviour Summary Why Do People Help? The costs and rewards of helping Groups, identity and prosocial behaviour Helping outgroups Social identity and the bystander effect Social identity, emotion and bystander intervention Summary Issues in Researching Prosocial Behaviour Violence and helping Gender and helping Long-term, sustained helping behaviours Summary Does Evolution Make Us Selfish? When helping is not self-interested Summary The Social Neuroscience of Helping Summary Helping in the Real World Do people act selfishly in life-threatening emergencies? Summary 279 280 281 287 287 287 289 296 296 296 299 300 301 306 307 307 307 308 309 313 315 316 316 317 320 321 321 324 327 327 327 329 330 333 333 334 334 334 336 337 341 341 343 343 343 345 345 346 349 xiii xiv CONTENTS Chapter 11 Affiliation, Attraction and Close Relationships Johan C. Karremans and Catrin Finkenauer Introduction The Importance of Relationships Relationships and psychological wellbeing Relationships and physical wellbeing The role of social support The immediate effects of social exclusion The need to belong Attachment Summary Interpersonal Attraction The benefits of physical attractiveness What is beautiful is good The features that determine physical attractiveness Contextual influences on physical attractiveness Psychological attraction Proximity Familiarity Similarity Underestimating the power of the situation Summary Romantic Relationships Love Relationship satisfaction and stability Thoughts and behaviours that enhance relationship functioning Summary General Relationship Processes Types of relationships Disclosure Perceived partner responsiveness Relationship ending Summary Chapter 12 Group Dynamics Bernard A. Nijstad and Daan Van Knippenberg Introduction The Phenomenology of Groups Defining groups Why groups? Types of groups, entitativity and group functions Summary Individuals in Groups: The Individual Level of Analysis Joining a group and group socialization: becoming a full member Being in a group: maintenance and role negotiation Leaving a group: divergence and exit Summary Group Development and Structure: The Group Level of Analysis Group development On being similar: norms, shared cognition and cohesion 353 355 355 355 356 356 357 358 359 362 362 362 362 365 365 366 368 369 369 370 371 371 371 372 374 378 378 378 379 382 383 383 387 389 389 389 390 391 392 394 395 397 398 400 400 400 402 CONTENTS On being different: status and roles Summary Groups in Their Environment: The Intergroup Level of Analysis The intergroup context and the salience of group membership The intergroup context, group perceptions and social influence Summary Chapter 13 Group Performance and Leadership Stefan Schulz-Hardt and Felix C. Brodbeck Introduction Some Core Concepts: Actual Group Performance, Group Potential and Task Type Actual and potential group performance Basic types of group tasks and their implications for group potential Summary Process Losses Versus Process Gains in Group Performance Types of process losses and process gains Summary Group Performance Management Three basic principles of group performance management Summary Leadership Approaches to the study of leadership Summary Leadership in Groups Group and task design Group synchronization Group development and learning Summary Chapter 14 Prejudice and Intergroup Relations Russell Spears and Nicole Tausch Introduction Personality Approaches to Prejudice The authoritarian personality Prejudice and a desire for social dominance Authoritarianism and social dominance orientation as ideologies Summary The Cognitive Approach to Prejudice Outgroup homogeneity, stereotyping and prejudice Illusory correlation: a purely cognitive mechanism producing prejudice? Developments and integrations Summary Group Approaches to Prejudice Intragroup processes, ingroup bias and prejudice Intergroup explanations of prejudice and discrimination The individual’s relation to the group: group identification and its components Elaborating the intergroup level Integrative intergroup theories Can emotions help to explain the variety and intensity of prejudice? Summary 407 409 409 409 411 411 415 417 418 418 419 420 420 420 427 428 428 434 435 435 442 442 443 444 445 446 449 451 453 453 454 455 459 459 460 460 461 463 463 464 464 469 471 477 479 482 xv xvi CONTENTS Psychological Interventions to Reduce Prejudice and Improve Intergroup Relations The ‘contact hypothesis’ Varying levels of categorization Psychological processes involved in intergroup contact and prejudice reduction Other prejudice-reduction techniques The wider implications of prejudice reduction Summary Chapter 15 Cultural Social Psychology Peter B. Smith Introduction Culture and Cultural Differences Defining culture Nations as cultures Measuring culture Overcoming methodological challenges Summary Culture and Cognition Summary Culture and Self-Construal Is self-enhancement universal? How many cultural differences can self-construal explain? Self-construal over time Summary Interpersonal Relations Prosocial behaviour with strangers Intimate relationships Summary Group Processes Summary Intergroup Relations Group honour Negotiation Summary Intercultural Relations Migration and acculturation Summary 483 483 487 491 493 494 494 499 501 501 502 503 504 506 509 510 513 513 514 516 516 518 518 518 519 519 520 524 524 525 525 527 528 530 532 References 537 Glossary 601 Name Index 613 Subject Index 629
