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Download Plants Woo Woo! Notes for 4-15
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Plants Woo Woo! Notes for 4-15 Kingdom Plantae (domain Eukarya) • Multicellular • Cell walls • Autotrophic (they use photosynthesis to make their own food.) Reproduction in plants (very interesting, very weird…) • They display alternation of generations. – They have a gametophyte generation where the plant that you see is haploid or ‘n’ (kind of like if we could have a sperm or egg walking around…) – They have a sporophyte generation where the plant that you see is diploid or ‘2n’. Classification of plants 1. Bryophytes – Non-vascular plants like mosses • These are really small and low to the ground because you need to be get water to all parts of the plant for photosynthesis. Without vascular tissue, you need all cells to be close to the water source. 2. Tracheophytes – Vascular plants • These have xylem and phloem (tubes for transport) – • Think ‘xy’ = high and ‘phloe’=low (xylem brings materials UP the plant and phloem brings things down from the leaves to the roots.) Bigger! They can move stuff up or down! Bryophytes Growing on boulders! Mossy tree! Characteristics of bryophytes • No roots, stems or leaves (have to have vascular tissue to have a root, stem or leaf.) • Live in moist/wet areas. 6 little sporophytes all in a row… Gametophytes Look at reproduction in bryophytes • Things to notice: 1. spores grow to make either a male gametophyte or a female gametophyte. 2. Males make sperm. Females make eggs. 3. The sperm have flagella and swim to the egg when they are ready. 4. When egg and sperm fuse, a zygote is created. The zygote grows into a 2N sporophyte. Yea! 5. The sporophyte makes spores that grow into male or female gametophytes. Green gametophytes produce sperm and egg. Sperm swims to egg and makes a sporophyte. Sporophytes make spores that make more gametophytes. Life cycle of a bryophyte Lab for 4/15 On a blank piece of paper: •Dissect flower and label•Sepals •Petals •Stamen •Pistil •Draw and label flower (see flower model) •Answer fruit questions •Draw and label the actual parts of the real bryophytes [produces gametes that need water to make a zygote] A. [sporophyte] B. [gametophyte] C. [spore] D. [seed] [What is true of mosses?] A. [They produce gametes by meiosis] B. [They are more advanced than tracheophytes] C. [They are bryophytes] D. [They lack vascular tissue] E. [C and D are true] [Wood of a tree is mostly made up of tubes specialized to transport materials from the roots to the leaves.] A. [phloem] B. [xylem] C. [tracheids] D. [sieve tube cells] [The bark of a tree is almost entirely] A. [phloem] B. [xylem] C. [tracheid] D. [sieve tube cells] [Baseball bats!!! Made of what?] A. [dreams of young boys and girls] B. [love] C. [xylem] D. [phloem] [sporophyte makes spores by: (spores are haploid by the way…)] A. [meiosis because a sporophyte is diploid] B. [mitosis because a sporophyte is diploid] C. [meiosis because a sporophyte is haploid] D. [mitosis because a sporophyte is haploid] Evolution of plants (general ideas) 1. Everything began in the water. 2. Prokaryotic cells engulfed chloroplasts and mitochondria by phagocytosis and became eukaryotes (endosymbiotic theory). Proof: chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA and reproduce on their own. Chloroplasts are very similar to cyanobacteria of today… 3. Algae arose (single or multicelled), relied on water for photosynthesis and diffusion of nutrients. 4. Bryophytes were the first to appear on land. [what is a benefit to living on land?] A. [direct sunlight] B. [less competition for the other] C. [Option 3] D. [Option 4] Problems of Land Plants (Algae rely on water): • Need lots of water for photosynthesis • Need sunlight for P.S. • Need to transport water to all parts of the plant. • Need to transport photosynthesis products to all parts of the plant. • Sperm needs to swim in water to egg. Then the mighty vascular plants came! First came the Filicinophyta • Ferns! Horsetails! And other seedless vascular plants! • They still have a gametophyte and sporophyte generation, but you rarely see the gametophyte (it is very small and has both sexes on one plant.) • Sporophyte releases spores that grow gametophytes that have sperm swim to egg… making more sporophtyes… horsetails Fern alternation of generations Fern sporophyte [Ferns that you think of are] A. [Filicinophytes] B. [Tracheophytes] C. [sporophytes] D. [All of the above] E. [none of the above, they are gametophytes] [Filicinophytes] A. [need to be near water] B. [have vascular tissue] C. [have a short gametophyte portion of the life cycle] D. [all of the above] Here is a review of the list: 1. 2. 3. 4. Prokaryotes became photosynthetic eukaryotes Algae Bryophytes Filicinophyta: Tracheophytes that reproduce by spores 5. AND THEN THE SEED PRODUCING PLANTS! BIG EVOLUTIONARY LEAP. First seed plants: Gymnosperms (means ‘naked seed’…these plants have cones.) • The plant you see is a sporophyte. The cones contain the gametophytes. Male gametophytes are called ‘pollen’. Located on pollen cones. Pollen cones! (Many a childhood day spent shaking pollen cones onto an unsuspecting friend. Oh, if I had money to spend in a mall instead…) Female gametophytes are ovules located on larger cones high on the tree. Female and male cones containing ovules and pollen (the female and male gametophytes) [Pollen is dry. Why is this a benefit?] A. [Don’t need water for the sperm to swim] B. [pollen can land on the female ovule and then the nuclei of the ovule and pollen can fuse] C. [wind can transport pollen long distances! Being tall is an advantage.] D. [All of the above] [Pine tree without cones] A. [sporophyte] B. [gametophyte] C. [bryophyte] D. [none of the above] [Why are seeds an important evolutionary leap?] A. [the zygote is in a neat transportable package] B. [food is located in the seed-plant can get a good start] C. [Water is not required for fertilization] D. [all of the above] 2nd step in Seed Plants: Angiosperms • • • • Reproductive structures are in flowers. Most diverse plant species 90% of all plants are angiosperms Flowers have ovaries called pistils where fertilization by pollen occurs. • Ovules in the ovaries become seeds. Ovary becomes a fruit. How many sepals? Stamen? Bryophytes! Low to the ground because they do not have roots stems or leaves! Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients around, these guys don’t have them… Ferns! Have vascular tissue! They can grow tall! Still have sporophyte/gametophytes. Sporophyte: Fern Gametophyte is very small Assignment Due Wednesday 1. Draw and label the parts of a monocot and dicot root, and monocot and dicot stem and 2. Draw and label a typical leaf. You will need this for Wednesday’s test. I am looking to put 15 questions on Wednesday’s test that just do plant anatomy… (flowers, gametophytes/sporophytes of moss and ferns…) Algae!!! Characteristics of Algae • • • • Multi-cellular or single celled No roots stems or leaves Must live in water No ‘tubes’ to transport waste, or nutrients… uses water to diffuse everything. Why do we care about algae? • They are the beginning of almost every water-related food chain. • They provide homes for some animals. • 50 to 75% of all photosynthesis is done by algae (and lots of oxygen comes from this!!!) • Rich in vitamin C and iron. • Also used to treat ulcers, lung problems, high blood pressure, and arthritis More? • Heck yeah! • Used in toothpaste, ice-cream, glues, handlotions,