Download Plants Woo Woo! Notes for 4-15

Plants Woo Woo! Notes for 4-15
Kingdom Plantae (domain Eukarya)
• Multicellular
• Cell walls
• Autotrophic (they
use photosynthesis
to make their own
food.)
Reproduction in plants (very
interesting, very weird…)
• They display alternation of generations.
– They have a gametophyte generation where the plant
that you see is haploid or ‘n’ (kind of like if we could
have a sperm or egg walking around…)
– They have a sporophyte generation where the plant that
you see is diploid or ‘2n’.
Classification of plants
1. Bryophytes
– Non-vascular plants like mosses
•
These are really small and low to the ground because you
need to be get water to all parts of the plant for
photosynthesis. Without vascular tissue, you need all cells to
be close to the water source.
2. Tracheophytes
– Vascular plants
•
These have xylem and phloem (tubes for transport)
–
•
Think ‘xy’ = high and ‘phloe’=low (xylem brings materials UP the
plant and phloem brings things down from the leaves to the roots.)
Bigger! They can move stuff up or down!
Bryophytes
Growing on boulders!
Mossy tree!
Characteristics of bryophytes
• No roots, stems or leaves (have to have
vascular tissue to have a root, stem or leaf.)
• Live in moist/wet areas.
6 little sporophytes all in a row…
Gametophytes Look at reproduction in bryophytes
• Things to notice:
1. spores grow to make either a male gametophyte or a
female gametophyte.
2. Males make sperm. Females make eggs.
3. The sperm have flagella and swim to the egg when they
are ready.
4. When egg and sperm fuse, a zygote is created. The
zygote grows into a 2N sporophyte. Yea!
5. The sporophyte makes spores that grow into male or
female gametophytes.
Green gametophytes produce sperm and
egg. Sperm swims to egg and makes a
sporophyte. Sporophytes make spores that
make more gametophytes.
Life cycle of a bryophyte
Lab for 4/15
On a blank piece of paper:
•Dissect flower and label•Sepals
•Petals
•Stamen
•Pistil
•Draw and label flower (see flower model)
•Answer fruit questions
•Draw and label the actual parts of the real
bryophytes
[produces gametes that need
water to make a zygote]
A. [sporophyte]
B. [gametophyte]
C. [spore]
D. [seed]
[What is true of mosses?]
A. [They produce gametes by meiosis]
B. [They are more advanced than
tracheophytes]
C. [They are bryophytes]
D. [They lack vascular tissue]
E. [C and D are true]
[Wood of a tree is mostly made up of
tubes specialized to transport materials
from the roots to the leaves.]
A. [phloem]
B. [xylem]
C. [tracheids]
D. [sieve tube cells]
[The bark of a tree is almost entirely]
A. [phloem]
B. [xylem]
C. [tracheid]
D. [sieve tube cells]
[Baseball bats!!! Made of what?]
A. [dreams of young boys and girls]
B. [love]
C. [xylem]
D. [phloem]
[sporophyte makes spores by: (spores
are haploid by the way…)]
A. [meiosis because a sporophyte is diploid]
B. [mitosis because a sporophyte is diploid]
C. [meiosis because a sporophyte is haploid]
D. [mitosis because a sporophyte is haploid]
Evolution of plants (general ideas)
1. Everything began in the water.
2. Prokaryotic cells engulfed chloroplasts and
mitochondria by phagocytosis and became
eukaryotes (endosymbiotic theory). Proof: chloroplasts
and mitochondria have their own DNA and reproduce on their own.
Chloroplasts are very similar to cyanobacteria of today…
3. Algae arose (single or multicelled), relied on water
for photosynthesis and diffusion of nutrients.
4. Bryophytes were the first to appear on land.
[what is a benefit to living on
land?]
A. [direct sunlight]
B. [less competition for the other]
C. [Option 3]
D. [Option 4]
Problems of Land Plants (Algae
rely on water):
• Need lots of water for photosynthesis
• Need sunlight for P.S.
• Need to transport water to all parts of the
plant.
• Need to transport photosynthesis products
to all parts of the plant.
• Sperm needs to swim in water to egg.
Then the mighty vascular plants
came!
First came the
Filicinophyta
• Ferns! Horsetails! And other
seedless vascular plants!
• They still have a
gametophyte and sporophyte
generation, but you rarely
see the gametophyte (it is
very small and has both
sexes on one plant.)
• Sporophyte releases spores
that grow gametophytes that
have sperm swim to egg…
making more sporophtyes…
horsetails
Fern alternation of generations
Fern sporophyte
[Ferns that you think of are]
A. [Filicinophytes]
B. [Tracheophytes]
C. [sporophytes]
D. [All of the above]
E. [none of the above, they are gametophytes]
[Filicinophytes]
A. [need to be near water]
B. [have vascular tissue]
C. [have a short gametophyte portion of the
life cycle]
D. [all of the above]
Here is a review of the list:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prokaryotes became photosynthetic eukaryotes
Algae
Bryophytes
Filicinophyta: Tracheophytes that reproduce by
spores
5. AND THEN THE SEED PRODUCING
PLANTS! BIG EVOLUTIONARY LEAP.
First seed plants: Gymnosperms (means
‘naked seed’…these plants have cones.)
• The plant you see is a sporophyte. The cones
contain the gametophytes.
Male gametophytes are called ‘pollen’.
Located on pollen cones.
Pollen cones! (Many a childhood day spent shaking pollen cones
onto an unsuspecting friend. Oh, if I had money to spend in a
mall instead…)
Female gametophytes are ovules
located on larger cones high on the tree.
Female and
male cones
containing
ovules and
pollen (the
female and
male
gametophytes)
[Pollen is dry. Why is this a
benefit?]
A. [Don’t need water for the sperm to swim]
B. [pollen can land on the female ovule and
then the nuclei of the ovule and pollen can
fuse]
C. [wind can transport pollen long distances!
Being tall is an advantage.]
D. [All of the above]
[Pine tree without cones]
A. [sporophyte]
B. [gametophyte]
C. [bryophyte]
D. [none of the above]
[Why are seeds an important
evolutionary leap?]
A. [the zygote is in a neat transportable
package]
B. [food is located in the seed-plant can get a
good start]
C. [Water is not required for fertilization]
D. [all of the above]
2nd step in Seed Plants:
Angiosperms
•
•
•
•
Reproductive structures are in flowers.
Most diverse plant species
90% of all plants are angiosperms
Flowers have ovaries called pistils where
fertilization by pollen occurs.
• Ovules in the ovaries become seeds. Ovary
becomes a fruit.
How many sepals? Stamen?
Bryophytes! Low to the ground
because they do not have roots
stems or leaves!
Vascular tissues transport water and
nutrients around, these guys don’t have
them…
Ferns! Have vascular tissue! They can
grow tall! Still have
sporophyte/gametophytes.
Sporophyte:
Fern Gametophyte is very small
Assignment Due Wednesday
1. Draw and label the parts of a monocot and dicot
root, and monocot and dicot stem and
2. Draw and label a typical leaf. You will need
this for Wednesday’s test.
I am looking to put 15 questions on Wednesday’s test
that just do plant anatomy… (flowers,
gametophytes/sporophytes of moss and ferns…)
Algae!!!
Characteristics of Algae
•
•
•
•
Multi-cellular or single celled
No roots stems or leaves
Must live in water
No ‘tubes’ to transport waste, or nutrients…
uses water to diffuse everything.
Why do we care about algae?
• They are the beginning of almost every
water-related food chain.
• They provide homes for some animals.
• 50 to 75% of all photosynthesis is done by
algae (and lots of oxygen comes from
this!!!)
• Rich in vitamin C and iron.
• Also used to treat ulcers, lung problems,
high blood pressure, and arthritis
More?
• Heck yeah!
• Used in toothpaste, ice-cream, glues, handlotions,