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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt4N9GSBoMI
Classical Conditioning Review
• Reflexive responding that is largely controlled by
stimuli that precede the response
• Missing what follows certain response--consequences!
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
• Instrumental learning (responses are instrumental
in obtaining some desired outcome)
▫ Kitty cats!
▫ Law of Effect: if a response in the presence of a
stimuli leads to satisfying effects, the association
between the stimulus and the response is
strengthened
BF Skinner
• Defined “operant
conditioning”
▫ An organism “operates” on
the environment instead of
simply reacting to stimuli
 A form of learning in
which responses comes
to be controlled by their
consequences
 GOVERNS VOLUNTARY
RESPONSES
 https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
“Haterz Gon Hate” –BF Skinner
Skinner’s Demonstration
• Demonstrated that organisms tend to repeat
those are followed by favorable responses
▫ Reinforcement- occurs when an event following
a responses increases an organisms tendency to
make that response
 Response is strengthened when it leads to
rewarding consequences
Terminology & Procedures
• “Operant Chamber”/Skinner Box- a small
enclosure in which an animal can make a
specific response that is recorded while the
consequences of the response are systematically
controlled
▫ Main responses are usually pressing a small lever
down
Skinner Box
• Operant
responses are
normally
VOLUNTARY and
are said to be
emitted rather
than elicited
Reinforcement Contingencies
• Circumstances or rules that determine whether
responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
▫ Experimenter manipulates what positive
consequences occur when the animal makes the
designated response
 Normally a small bit of food
Cumulative Recorder
• Creates a graphic record of responding and
reinforcement over time in a Skinner box as a
function of time
▫ Response rate is a key dependent variable
▫ A slope represents the line of record of responding
 Rapid response rate gives steep slope, slow rate gives
shallow slope
Acquisition and Shaping
• Like in classical conditioning, it refers to the
initial stage of learning, however it is a little
unique
• Skinner and his contemporaries trained animals
to do a variety of things!
Extinction
• Gradual weakening and disappearance of a
response tendency because the response is no
longer followed by a reinforcer
Stimulus Control: Generalization and
Discrimination
• Operant conditioning is controlled by its
consequences, as organisms learn responseoutcome (R-O) Associations
▫ Stimuli that precede a response can also exert
considerable influence over operant behavior
▫ When a response is consistently followed by a
reinforcer in the presence of a particular stimulus that
stimulus comes to serve as a “signal” indicating that
the response is likely to lead to a reinforcer
 A small pigeon may only peck may be reinforced only
when a light is blinking….
Discriminative Stimuli
• Cues that influence operant behavior by
indicating the probable consequences
(reinforcement or non-reinforcement of a
response)
▫ These play an important role in regulation of
operant behavior
 Kids ask for candy when parents are in a good mood
 Drivers slow when the roads are wet
 Asking people on dates
Stimulus Generalization & Stimulus
Discrimination
• Works like in classical conditioning
• Cat runs to a can opener (discriminative
stimulus that it will be fed)
▫ Generalization (Blender)
▫ Discrimination (adjusting response)
• Reinforcement occurs whenever an outcome
strengthens a response
▫ The central process in reinforcement is the
strengthening of a response tendency
▫ Reinforcement is defined after the fact, in terms of
its effect on behavior
Primary vs Secondary
• Primary reinforcers- inherently reinforcing
because they satisfy biological needs
▫ Food, water, sex, and warmth
• Secondary/conditioned reinforcers-acquire
reinforcing qualities by being associated with
primary reinforcers
▫ Good grades, money, attention, flattery, praise,
applause
Schedule of Reinforcement
• Determines which occurrences of a specific
response result in the presentation of a
reinforcer
▫ Continuous Reinforcement- occurs when every
instance of a designated response is reinforced
▫ Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement- occurs when
a designated response is reinforced only some of
the time
 More effective/resistant to extinction
Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)
• Reinforcer is given after a fixed number of
nonreinforced respones
▫ Reward every 10th lever push
▫ Bonus every 10 magazines sold
Variable Ratio (VR)
• Reinforcer is given after a variable number of
non-reinforced responses
▫ Rat rewarded on average every ten times
▫ Casino- averages/variations
Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)
• First response is rewarded after a fixed time
interval has elapsed
▫ First lever press after two minutes
▫ Washer/dryer
Variable Interval Schedule (VI)
• Reinforcer is given for the first response after a
variable time interval has elapsed
▫ Rewarded after lever press after 1 minute, then 2,
then 3, etc
▫ Person dialing a busy phone
Positive Reinforcement
• Occurs when a
response is
strengthened because
it is followed by the
presentation of a
rewarding stimulus
▫ Good grades, tasty
meals, nice clothes,
etc
Negative Reinforcement
• Occurs when a response is strengthened because
it is followed by the removal of an aversive
(negative) stimulus
▫ Strengthens a response tendency
▫ Removing a buzzing noise
Escape Learning
• Organism acquires a response that decreases or
ends some aversive stimulation
▫ Leave a party you were being picked on at
Avoidance Learning
• Organism acquires a response that prevents
some aversive stimulation from occuring
Punishment
• Occurs when an event following a response
weakens the tendency to make that response
▫ Negative reinforcement= stimulus is removed
▫ Punishment= stimulus is added
Positive Punishment
• An aversive stimulus is added to decreases the
likelihood of a behavior
▫ Petting a cat, cat bites you
Negative Punishment
• An appetitive (something good) is removed to
decrease the likelihood of an event
▫ Texting at dinner, phone taken away
Disciplinary Procedures
• Not just being spanked
▫ Social punishments
▫ Eating at restaurants/bad service
More Effective Punishments
•
•
•
•
•
Applied quickly
Just severe enough to be effective
Consistent
Explanations
Noncorporal