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Transcript
9/16/2015 Factors in Ecosystems What is Ecology? Scientific study of natural interactions • between organisms • between organisms & their environment (surroundings) (land, water, air) Biosphere Biome • • • • • • • • • • • -where all living things are found - earth -geographical location makes the climate, determines plants/animals Ecosystem -biotic & abiotic factors in an area Community -different species in an area Population -same species in an area (Species) Organism BIOTIC – LIVING (Biological) -tissues working together (same job) Tissue -cells with the same function Cells -smallest unit of living things Molecul es Atoms What Shapes an Ecosystem? wind Availability of water or nutrients Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors Any other organism that might interact with Ecosystem Habitat Niche -small organs of a cell -2 or more atoms combined -Building blocks of matter Habitat • Area where an organism lives • Includes both a/biotic factors – Food – Water – Shelter – Space Trash Rocks Minerals Rain Storms Flood Temperature Water Soil Drought Gravel Sunlight -can mate & produce fertile offspring Organs Organelles • • • • • • • • • • • • climate Organ Systems -group of organs working together Levels of Biological Organization ABIOTIC – NONLIVING (Physical) Worms Weeds Dead Organisms Bacteria Flowers Insects Grass Scat Deer Mushrooms Mice Niche • Organism’s job (ecological role) – Place in the food chain/web – What climate it needs to survive – What habitat it lives in – What it eats – When & how it reproduces 1 9/16/2015 ENERGY Ability to do work or cause change Food Chain Series of steps where organisms transfer energy by eating & being eaten Produces: warmth, sound, light, movement, growth (Work – transfer of energy) Which direction is the energy flowing? Food Chain Food Web Sequence of organisms or trophic levels where each feeds on the proceeding Trophic system composed of interconnected food chains Be Prepared to Discuss Ecological Pyramids 2 9/16/2015 Ecological Pyramid The “D” Words • Detritus – dead organic material Shows the relative amounts of energy/matter contained within each trophic level. 10% Rule = Only 10% of energy is passed on. –Leaf litter, humus, ocean bottom • Decomposers – organisms that break down dead or decaying matter (Bacteria) • Detritivores – consumers that eat dead plant & animal matter –worms, fungi, bacteria, scavengers Tertiary Consumer Trophic Levels Harmful substance enters environment Concentration of substance increases in organisms at higher trophic levels Affects the entire food web Top-level carnivores are at highest risk • Heterotroph • Omnivore-Carnivore Secondary Consumer • Heterotroph • Omnivore-Carnivore Primary Consumer • Heterotroph • Omnivore-Herbivore Producer • Autotroph • Photosynthetic-Chemosynthetic Competition • Competition occurs when two organisms fight for the same limited resource. Ecosystem Interactions Symbiosis Competition Predation Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism 3 9/16/2015 Intraspecific Competition • Same species Interspecific Competition • Different species 4 Pictures 1 Word Predation • 1 organism (predator) captures & feeds on another organism (prey). S Y M B I O S I S _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPZNjtODzFI http://youtu.be/yMUMOeFzo9U Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis – close relationship between two or more species Mutualism Both species benefit! + + Some are dependent on the relationship Ex: Lichen = Algae + Fungus 4 9/16/2015 Mutualism Both species benefit! + + Some are dependent on the relationship Commensalism One organism benefits & the other is unaffected (isn’t harmed or benefitted) +0 Parasitism Nest Parasite One species (parasite) derives nourishment at the expense of the other (host) +• Host also provides parasite with a place to live & reproduce • Does the parasite usually kill the host? Endoparasite Aphid Killers http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/animals/bugs-animals/bees-andwasps/wasp_parasitic/ http://youtu.be/rLtUk-W5Gpk Body Invaders http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/national-geographic-channel/all-videos/av6461-6667/ngc-body-invaders/ http://youtu.be/vMG-LWyNcAs Snail Zombies http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/kids/animals-pets-kids/invertebrateskids/snail-zombies-kids/ Roach Zombies http://youtu.be/qN2XMyxAs5o Parasitic Plants http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwfhYYnmLYM&list=PL_5OKef10sqdjt8yvtjVeK4xLS7l InZjj&feature=share&index=3 Be prepared to discuss A scientist did an experiment in a controlled environment with two plants – Plant 1 and Plant 2. The scientist grew the two plants separately, and then grew them together. The scientist measured the growth of the plants under each of these two conditions. 50 Height (cm) Ectoparasite Plant 1, grown separately 40 30 Plant 2, grown separately 20 Plant 1, grown together 10 Plant 2, grown together 0 0 4 8 Time (days) 12 What type of interaction occurred between Plant 1 and Plant 2 when they were grown together? A B C D Competition Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism 5 9/16/2015 Follow-up questions • Sketch what this graph would look like for commensalism. • Sketch what this graph would look like for parasitism. Limiting Factor • Causes population growth to decrease • Affects an organism’s ability to survive Write the following on the separate colors: • Density-Dependent Limiting Factor – Depends on population size • Density-Independent Limiting Factor – Affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size Limiting Factors Density Dependent Density Independent Competition Unusual Weather Predation Natural Disasters Parasitism Seasonal Cycles Disease Human Activity – damming rivers, clear-cutting, Ecological Succession • Series of predictable changes involving species replacements in a community over time. Carrying Capacity (K) • The largest number of individuals that an environment can support Primary Succession – Occurs in areas where there is no soil • Previously unoccupied by living organisms • Following a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat • Organisms occupy a site and gradually change environmental conditions –Allows other plant species to grow •Create soil or change soil nutrients •Shelter •Increasing humidity •Provide shade 6 9/16/2015 Secondary Succession – Begins in areas where soil is present • • • • Existing community is disrupted & a new one develops Following a fire or clear-cutting Abandoned crop fields Wetlands or shallow ponds eventually fill in Be prepared to discuss The growth of crabgrass and horseweed in the community illustrated above is an example of A Primary succession B Climax community C Secondary succession D Extinction 7 9/16/2015 MATTER Recycling in the Biosphere • Energy = 1-way flow Anything that takes up space & has mass • Matter = recycled within & between Earth’s systems Ex: nutrients What supplies the energy to keep these matter cycles going? Biogeochemical Cycles • Processes that move chemicals (CHNOPS) through the biological (biotic) & geological (abiotic) parts of Earth. • • • • • • Biogeochemical Cycles Sun is the energy source Most energy is lost Nutrients are recycled & reused Organisms die & are decomposed Nutrients are released Eventually become parts of living things again. How? Gecko/Ants Body Farm Video 8 9/16/2015 NUTRIENT CYCLES • Nutrient – all the chemical substances needed to sustain life – Life’s “Building Blocks” – Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions Nutrients are passed between organisms & the environment through ____________________ biogeochemical cycles Where is Carbon Stored? - Atmosphere – carbon dioxide (CO2) Biosphere – organisms (dead & alive) Hydrosphere - Oceans – dissolved CO2 Lithosphere – rocks - calcium carbonate rock (CaCO3 – limestone) - Fossil Fuels – coal, oil, natural gas (made up of dead organisms from millions of years ago Nitrogen Cycle Processes that Move Carbon - Biological – photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, digestive processes - Geochemical – erosion, volcanic activity - Biogeochemical – decomposition, conversion in to fossil fuels - Human Activities – mining, cutting/burning forests, burning fossil fuels Where is Nitrogen Stored? - Atmosphere - gas (N2) - Organisms - Waste products - Dead & decaying organic matter - Large bodies of Water 9 9/16/2015 Nitrogen Cycle - Processes • Most organisms cannot use atmospheric nitrogen (N2) • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in soil & on certain plant roots “fix” (transform) N2 into a form that plants can use – ammonia (NH4+) • Some bacteria (Rhyzobium) live in nodules on the roots of plants called LEGUMES – Beans, peas, clover Processes that Move Nitrogen - Nitrogen Fixation – Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia (NH4+). - Legumes - Lightning & volcanic action - Denitrification – Conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas. - Soil bacteria - Human Activities – fertilizers Be prepared to discuss Name at least one other event that may have caused the trend shown on the graph. Be Prepared to Discuss 10