Download Time-55 minutes, 100 Questions - Bremen High School District 228

Bremen School District 228
Social Studies Common Assessment
Units 1-6
A.P. Psychology
Time-55 minutes, 100 Questions
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five
suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the
corresponding circle on the answer sheet.
Name:
Date:
1. Professor Smith told one class that alcohol consumption has been found to increase
sexual desire. He informed another class that alcohol consumption has been found to
reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they
received best illustrates the power of
A) overconfidence.
B) replication.
C) the hindsight bias.
D) the double-blind procedure.
E) the placebo effect.
2. Knowing the difference between an experimental condition and a control condition is
most relevant to understanding the nature of
A) correlations.
B) random sampling.
C) replication.
D) independent variables.
E) hindsight bias.
3. Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits.
Luana is reinforced on a
schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-interval
D) variable-ratio
E) partial-interval
4. A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish, after exposure to the bell, is a(n)
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.
E) neutral stimulus.
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5. Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners
because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint
best illustrates the
perspective.
A) social-cultural
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) evolutionary
E) psychodynamic
6. To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire
to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently
enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of
A) random assignment.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) replication.
D) correlation.
E) random sampling.
7. Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when
someone nearby mentions your name?
A) reticular formation
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) amygdala
E) medulla
8. Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants (that are not yet in the study) in a
survey are representative of a larger population?
A) random assignment
B) replication
C) correlation
D) naturalistic observation
E) random sampling
9. A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force
himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the
of the patient's fear.
A) generalization
B) latent learning
C) shaping
D) extinction
E) reinforcement
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10. The
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called
intolerance.
narcolepsy.
withdrawal.
REM rebound.
dissociation.
11. Sleep apnea is a disorder involving
A) the cessation of breathing during sleep.
B) periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.
C) hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating weightlessly.
D) the excessive use of sleeping pills or other sleep-inducing drugs.
E) screams and panic during deep sleep.
12. The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called
A) generalization.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) secondary reinforcement.
D) latent learning.
E) shaping.
13. After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum.
Kato is most likely to have difficulty
A) experiencing intense emotions.
B) reading printed words.
C) understanding what others are saying.
D) tasting the flavors of foods.
E) playing his guitar.
14. A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives
and conflicts is employing a(n)
perspective.
A) evolutionary
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) social-cultural
E) cognitive
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15. The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an
indication of
A) withdrawal.
B) dissociation.
C) resistance.
D) tolerance.
E) narcolepsy.
16. Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter
is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n)
for
crying.
A) negative reinforcer
B) conditioned stimulus
C) positive reinforcer
D) unconditioned stimulus
E) punisher
17. Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in
violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced:
"Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most
clearly be warned about the dangers of
A) perceiving illusory correlations.
B) explaining events in hindsight.
C) confusing correlation with causation.
D) generalizing from unrepresentative samples.
E) discerning order in random events.
18. The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by
a(n)
A) sympathetic nerve.
B) myelin sheath.
C) endocrine gland.
D) pituitary gland.
E) synaptic vesicle.
19. In Pavlov's experiments the US was
A) a tone.
B) salivation to the sound of a tone.
C) the presentation of food.
D) salivation to the food in the mouth.
E) not used in the conditioning trials.
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20. The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)
A) control condition.
B) population.
C) case study.
D) independent variable.
E) survey.
21. What theory of color explains how after-images occur?
A) the Young-Helmholtz theory.
B) the gate-control theory.
C) place theory.
D) frequency theory.
E) the opponent-process theory.
22. Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the
normal functioning of your
A) cerebellum.
B) amygdala.
C) hypothalamus.
D) sympathetic nervous system.
E) cerebral cortex.
23. Physical pain and intense cravings indicate
A) age regression.
B) dissociation.
C) physical dependence.
D) REM rebound.
E) sleep apnea.
24. Heritability refers to the extent to which
A) unrelated individuals share common genes.
B) an individual’s personality is shaped by the environment
C) trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations.
D) adult personality is determined by infant personality.
E) nurture controls a trait rather than nature.
25. Jose has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort.
His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of
A) glutamate.
B) dopamine.
C) acetylcholine.
D) endorphins.
E) insulin.
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26. The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of
the time is called the
A) adaptation threshold.
B) difference threshold.
C) subliminal threshold.
D) absolute threshold.
E) change threshold.
27. Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
A) playing jump rope
B) running through a maze to get a food reward
C) sweating in hot weather
D) clapping after a thrilling concert performance
E) getting money as a reward
28. The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area
is known as brain
A) · tomography.
B) phrenology.
C) · hemispherectomy.
D) aphasia.
E) plasticity.
29. Hormones are the chemical messengers of the
A) action potential.
B) autonomic nervous system.
C) endocrine system.
D) peripheral nervous system.
E) central nervous system.
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30. An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a
A) negative reinforcer.
B) punishment.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) delayed reinforcer.
E) secondary reinforcer.
31. According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us
boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of
A) naturalistic observation.
B) illusory correlation.
C) hindsight bias.
D) replication.
E) a theory.
32. Colin puts on his seatbelt in order to stop the unpleasant beeping sound. What term
best describes this action?
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) positive reinforcer.
D) negative reinforcer.
E) positive punishment.
33. The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by
A) the hindsight bias.
B) overconfidence.
C) illusory correlation.
D) operational definitions.
E) the placebo effect.
34. Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of
relationship between two variables?
A) -0.12
B) +1.00
C) -0.99
D) +0.25
E) -0.50
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35. Which research method is typically used to examine one participant in depth, usually
because the individual's situation/behavior is rare or unusual?
A) survey
B) correlation
C) experiment
D) case study
E) scientific method
36. Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode,
process, store, and retrieve information?
A) cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) biological
E) evolutionary
37. Hypnogogic jerks occurs in which of the following stages?
A) Stage 1 sleep.
B) Stage 2 sleep.
C) Stage 3 sleep.
D) Stage 4 sleep.
E) Stage 5 sleep.
38. Mr. Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and
abnormal brain chemistry. Mr. Lopez favors a
perspective on depression.
A) biological
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) cognitive
E) psychoanalytic
39. As the brain receives information about the lines, angles, and edges of objects in the
environment, higher-level cells process and interpret the information to consciously
recognize objects. This process best illustrates
A) sensation.
B) transduction.
C) perception.
D) selective attention.
E) psychophysics.
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40. Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind
of brain scan?
A) EEG
B) CT
C) fMRI
D) PET
E) MRI
41. After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster,
his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth.
Carlos was most likely experiencing
A) Stage 4 sleep.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) REM sleep.
E) a hallucination.
42. While relaxing in a lawn chair enjoying a cool drink, which of the following triggers the
"rest-and-digest" response, as your heart rate slows and digestion begins?
A) sympathetic nervous system
B) limbic system
C) somatic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system
E) motor cortex
43. Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when
stimulated on other body parts. This BEST illustrates
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) continuous reinforcement.
C) latent learning.
D) generalization.
E) habituation.
44. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only
after a(n)
A) specified time period has elapsed.
B) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
C) specified number of responses have been made.
D) unpredictable number of responses have been made.
E) specific number of rewards and punishments are applied.
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45. The most light-sensitive receptor cells are the
A) ganglion cells.
B) cones.
C) bipolar cells.
D) rods.
E) glial cells.
46. As you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. The rods and cones absorb
the light and help transmit the information to the brain. This process best illustrates
A) sensation.
B) top-down processing.
C) perception.
D) selective attention.
E) psychophysics.
47. The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is
called
A) generalization.
B) intermittent reinforcement.
C) shaping.
D) secondary reinforcement.
E) modeling.
48. Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of
A) absolute thresholds.
B) difference thresholds.
C) sensory adaptation.
D) sensory interaction.
E) parallel processing.
49. Myelin sheath protects this structure and allows information to travel faster.
A) hormones.
B) endorphihs.
C) interneurons.
D) axons.
E) lesions.
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50. Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his
learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a
perspective.
A) biopsychosocial
B) biological
C) psychodynantic
D) behavioral
E) structural
51. The function of dendrites is to
A) receive incoming signals from other neurons.
B) release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons.
C) coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
D) control pain through the release of opiate-like chenticals into the brain.
E) transntit signals to other neurons.
52. Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt
people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates
A) respondent behavior.
B) operant conditioning.
C) Observational learning.
D) latent learning.
E) spontaneous recovery.
53. A correlation coefficient is a measure of the
A) difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
B) average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean.
C) direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.
D) statistical significance of a difference between two sample means.
E) frequency of scores at each level of some measure.
54. As you enter the kitchen after school you can smell chocolate chip cookies baking. This
scent causes you to salivate. Your salivation is best explained by
A) classical conditioning.
B) observationallearning.
C) habituation.
D) operant conditioning.
E) latent learning.
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55. The auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are most closely
linked with the activation of areas in which brain area?
A) motor cortex
B) amygdala
C) temporal lobes
D) hypothalamus
E) sensory cortex
56. The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every
A) 30 minutes.
B) 90 minutes.
C) 2 1/2 hours.
D) 4 hours.
E) 1.5 days.
57. While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely
interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The student's failure to notice that
the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption
illustrates
A) blind spot.
B) gate-control theory.
C) bottom-up processing.
D) change blindness.
E) top-down processing.
58. Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching
your back?
A) parietal
B) temporal
C) occipital
D) frontal
E) cerebral.
59. After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how
loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates
A) Weber's law.
B) accommodation.
C) sensory adaptation.
D) the volley principle.
E) transduction.
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60. Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its
A) manifest
B) latent
C) dissociated
D) paradoxical
E) delusional
content.
61. Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from
A) sleep apnea.
B) night terrors.
C) hypnagogic sleep.
D) insomnia.
E) paradoxical sleep.
62. The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called
A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) delta waves.
D) theta waves.
E) sleep spindles.
63. To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded
patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard.
Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?
A) naturalistic observation
B) replication
C) the survey
D) the case study
E) experimentation
64. Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
A) salivating at the sight of a lemon
B) raising your hand to ask a question
C) jerking your hand off a very hot stove
D) walking into a restaurant to eat
E) working for money.
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65. Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by
the
A) medulla.
B) corpus callosum.
C) angular gyrus.
D) limbic system.
E) reticular formation.
66. The
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
sensory cortex is most critical for our sense of
taste.
sight.
hearing.
touch.
smell.
67. Trying to see a hidden representational image in a piece of abstract art by looking
carefully at each element in the picture and trying to form an image employs which kind
of perceptual process?
A) selective attention
B) interposition
C) perceptual adaptation
D) bottom-up processing
E) retinal disparity
68. By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate
the process of
A) habituation.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) classical conditioning.
D) observational learning.
E) operant conditioning.
69. What best describes the changes in the shape of the lens of the eye?
A) priming.
B) synaesthesia.
A) sensation.
B) accommodation.
C) perception
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Page 15
70. If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would
indicate that level of education and income are
A) causally related.
B) positively correlated.
C) independent variables.
D) dependent variables.
E) negatively c9rrelated.
71. Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of
a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying
A) intrinsic motivation.
B) respondent behavior.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.
E) latent learning.
72. Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting
behavior?
A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Carl Rogers
C) William James
D) John B. Watson
E) Sigmund Freud
73. Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated
with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n)
_
perspective.
A) psychodynamic
B) behavioral
C) social-cultural
D) biological
E) evolutionary
74. Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking
is likely to continue because it is followed by a
reinforcer.
A) secondary
B) partial
C) negative
D) positive
E) conditioned
Page 16
75. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel across the
A) cell body.
B) synaptic gap.
C) axon.
D) myelin sheath.
E) threshold.
76. A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only
after a(n)
A) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
B) specified time period has elapsed.
C) specified number of responses has been made.
D) unpredictable number of responses has been made.
E) the desired behavior is performed a set number of times.
77. Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Jerry kept looking at his watch to see
the time. As a result, he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person
just in front of him. Jerry most clearly suffered
A) place theory.
B) inattentional blindness.
C) sensory interaction.
D) blind spot.
E) feature detectors.
78. Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a
commercial bus driver?
A) night terrors
B) insomnia
C) sleepwalking
D) narcolepsy
E) sleep apnea
79. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a
rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
A) secondary reinforcement.
B) generalization.
C) shaping.
D) latent learning.
E) spontaneous recovery.
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80. Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of
A) childhood memories.
B) genetic predispositions.
C) unconscious thoughts.
D) healthy growth potential.
E) punishment and reinforcement.
81. The parietal lobes are to _________ as the occipital lobes are to
A) hearing; speaking
B) sensing touch; seeing
C) sensing pleasure; sensing pain
D) tasting; smelling
E) speaking; seeing
82. An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the
the_____________ nervous system.
A) somatic; autonomic
B) autonomic; somatic
C) central; peripheral
D) sympathetic; parasympathetic
E) parasympathetic; sympathetic
_
nervous system is to
83. Money is to food as___________ is to
______
A) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer
B) secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer
C) discrimination; generalization
D) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
E) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
84. Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes
before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower
for skunk odor than his
parents have.
A) accommodation level
B) absolute threshold
C) tolerance level
D) olfactory saturation level
E) adaptation level
Page 18
85. Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks
A) experienced extinction.
B) underwent spontaneous recovery.
C) developed learned helplessness.
D) experienced a discriminative stimulus.
E) developed a conditioned reinforcer.
86. At the age of 22, Mrs. LaBlanc was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably
influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the
A) pancreas.
B) thyroid.
C) adrenal gland.
D) pituitary gland.
E) myelin.
87. Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which
participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which
have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of
A) naturalistic observation.
B) the hindsight bias.
C) random sampling.
D) the double-blind procedure.
E) replication.
88. The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the
A) reflex.
B) threshold.
C) synapse.
D) action potential.
E) refractory period.
89. Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level
of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a(n)
reinforcer.
A) positive
B) negative
C) conditioned
D) partial
E) intermittent
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90. Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to
other tones. This illustrates the process of
A) shaping.
B) latent learning.
C) secondary reinforcement.
D) discrimination.
E) extinction.
91. After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav
experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates
A) shaping.
B) extinction.
C) latent learning.
D) spontaneous recovery.
E) generalization.
92. Dr. MacPherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information
in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what
they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas most directly exemplify the
_
perspective.
A) social-cultural
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) humanistic
E) biological
93. Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
A) evolutionary
B) biological
C) behavioral
D) humanistic
E) psychodynamic
94. After losing his left hand in an accident, Jack continued to experience pain in his
nonexistent hand. His experience illustrates
A) bottom-up processing.
B) sensory adaptation.
C) phantom limb sensations.
D) the vestibular sense.
E) top-down processing.
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95. The Ames illusion involving two girls who are perceived as very different in size can
best be explained in terms of
A) gestalt principle.
B) transduction.
C) the principle of continuity.
D) retinal disparity
E) the visual cliff.
96. Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his
unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior
from a(n)______________ perspective.
A) evolutionary
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) biological
E) social-cultural
97. The spatial junctions where impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to
another are called
A) neurotransmitters.
B) neural networks.
C) synapses.
D) axons.
E) thresholds.
98. Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated
with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n)
psychologist.
A) biological
B) social
C) developmental
D) industrial-organizational
E) personality
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99. In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on_________, whereas
humanistic psychologists concentrate on
_
A) evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings; self-reports of immediate physical
sensations
B) observable behavior; the way we perceive, process, and remember information
C) childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental
influences on potential
D) introspective reports of immediate sensations; empirical research relying on
observation and experimentation
E) the study of brain activity linked with mental activity; the examination of the
stream of consciousness and emotion
100. Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter
perceptions and moods are called
A) stimulants.
B) narcotic agents.
C) psychoactive drugs.
D) hallucinogens.
E) physiological dependents.
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Answer Key
l.C
2. D
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. E
7. A
8. E
9. D
10. c
11. A
12. B
13. E
14. B
15. D
16. c
17. c
18. B
19. c
20. B
21. E
22. E
23. c
24. c
25. D
26. D
27. c
28. E
29. c
30. B
31. E
32. D
33. D
34. A
35. D
36. A
37. A
38. A
39. c
40. A
41. D
42. D
43. D
44. c
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45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
D
A
c
B
D
D
A
B
c
A
c
B
D
A
c
A
D
c
A
c
B
D
D
c
D
B
D
E
c
c
B
B
B
D
B
D
B
D
B
B
c
D
D
B
B
D
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91. E
92. B
93. c
94. c
95. D
96. c
97. c
98. c
99. c
100. c
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